tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1376500380337717192024-03-27T16:53:00.309-07:00HowMechanismWorks ?Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger322125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-81566542815826081792024-02-05T04:46:00.000-08:002024-02-05T04:46:19.115-08:00A Clear Explanation on Clutches ( Single Plate and Multi Plate) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2081" data-original-width="4275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcCyBrdz8avlkPymLBEPb16pNIdr0WdOX60Cn40FXEJu94y7EfG_GZfolggifk50u05e1DjpBjr23Ud_mkbP4dEJG5yM8kjOB2-XTa0J2Fx7gKmWWXZCsSSQOBZcONegQAu4tdjOx-ytDE9uKLpLOQywl32Qxsv_sot0OriW4_3vUT9WiSwZEregc-vQ/s16000/cushion-button-ceramic-carbotic-mazda-rotary-rx-2-3-4-5-7-12a-13b-20b-turbo-performance-street-drift-single-plate-clutch-copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Clutches ( Single Plate and Multi Plate) </b><br />Clutches are mechanical devices used in automotive and other machinery applications to transmit torque between two rotating shafts. They are essential for engaging and disengaging power transmission, allowing for smooth starting, stopping, and shifting of gears. There are two primary types of clutches: single plate clutches and multi-plate clutches. Let's explore each type in detail:<br /><br /><b>1. Single Plate Clutch:</b><br />A single plate clutch is a fundamental component of automotive engineering. As a crucial part of a vehicle's transmission system, it plays a pivotal role in controlling power transfer from the engine to the wheels. This type of clutch operates on a relatively simple yet effective principle, relying on a single friction plate and essential components to engage and disengage power seamlessly. Single plate clutches are a staple in many automobiles, ensuring smooth gear changes and efficient power transmission, making them an indispensable element of modern vehicles. <br /><br />A single plate clutch consists of a friction plate, pressure plate, clutch cover, and a release bearing. It is the most common type of clutch used in passenger vehicles and light-duty applications.<br /><br /><b>* Friction Plate:</b> The friction plate, also known as the clutch disc, is sandwiched between the flywheel and the pressure plate. It has friction linings on both sides that make contact with the flywheel and pressure plate. When the clutch is engaged, the friction plate transmits torque from the engine to the transmission input shaft.<br /><br /><b>* Pressure Plate: </b>The pressure plate applies pressure to the friction plate to create frictional force between the friction linings. It is mounted to the flywheel and is responsible for clamping the friction plate against the flywheel, allowing torque transfer.<br /><br /><b>* Clutch Cover:</b> The clutch cover encloses and protects the pressure plate and friction plate assembly. It is bolted to the flywheel and provides a housing for the clutch components.<br /><br /><b>* Release Bearing: </b>The release bearing, also called the throw-out bearing, is a component that disengages the clutch when the clutch pedal is depressed. It applies force to the pressure plate, releasing the clamping force on the friction plate and interrupting torque transmission.<br /><br /></span> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>**Advantages**</b><br /> Simplicity in design and operation.<br /> Cost-effective and suitable for most everyday driving situations.<br /><br /><b>**Disadvantages**</b><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Limited torque-handling capacity compared to multi-plate clutches.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> May experience more wear and tear under heavy loads. </span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">**Applications**</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Commonly used in everyday passenger vehicles.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Suitable for applications with moderate torque requirements.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><br />2. Multi-Plate Clutch:</b><br />A multi-plate clutch is a mechanical device used in automotive and industrial applications to transmit power from the engine to the transmission system. It is a highly efficient and reliable type of clutch that utilises multiple friction plates to engage and disengage the power flow. The design of a multi-plate clutch allows for smoother engagement, better heat dissipation, and higher torque capacity compared to single-plate clutches. With its ability to handle heavy loads and provide precise control over power transmission, the multi-plate clutch plays a critical role in ensuring smooth gear shifting and efficient power transfer in various vehicles and machinery.<br />A multi-plate clutch consists of multiple alternating friction plates and steel plates stacked together. It is commonly used in high-performance vehicles, heavy-duty applications, and racing vehicles where higher torque capacity is required.<br /><b><br />* Friction Plates: </b>The friction plates in a multi-plate clutch have friction linings on both sides and are interleaved with steel plates. The friction plates engage with the flywheel and pressure plate to transmit torque.<br /><br /><b>* Steel Plates: </b>The steel plates in a multi-plate clutch are interleaved between the friction plates. They provide structural support and help distribute heat generated during clutch operation.<br /><br /><b>* Intermediate Plate: </b>In some multi-plate clutch designs, intermediate plates may be used between the friction plates and steel plates. These plates provide additional torque capacity and help with heat dissipation.<br /><br /><b>* Clutch Hub:</b> The clutch hub is the central component that connects the friction plates and steel plates. It transmits torque between the engine and transmission input shaft.<br /><br /><b>* Diaphragm Springs or Belleville Washers: </b>Multi-plate clutches often use diaphragm springs or Belleville washers instead of a traditional pressure plate. These springs or washers exert clamping force on the clutch pack, allowing for high torque capacity and compact design.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><blockquote><span><a name='more'></a></span>Multi-plate clutches offer advantages such as higher torque capacity, reduced size and weight, and improved heat dissipation compared to single plate clutches. However, they can be more complex and require careful adjustment and maintenance.<br /><br />In conclusion, clutches play a critical role in power transmission and are available in different types to suit various applications. Single plate clutches are commonly used in passenger vehicles, while multi-plate clutches find application in high-performance and heavy-duty vehicles. Understanding the construction and operation of these clutches helps in appreciating their role in providing efficient and reliable power transfer in automotive systems.</blockquote><span><!--more--></span><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: verdana;">**Advantages**</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Higher torque-handling capacity, making them suitable for high-performance vehicles or heavy-duty applications.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Smaller and lighter compared to single plate clutches with similar torque capacity.</span></li></ul><p> <b style="font-family: verdana;">**Disadvantages**</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> More complex design and assembly.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Generally more expensive than single plate clutches.</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">**Applications **</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Found in performance vehicles, racing cars, and heavy-duty applications.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Preferred in situations where higher torque transmission is necessary.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The choice between a single plate and a multi-plate clutch depends on factors such as the vehicle's intended use, torque requirements, and performance considerations. </span></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-36390131827450533972023-08-28T23:09:00.004-07:002023-08-28T23:09:57.315-07:00Basics on Internal Combustion Engines - Download PDF <p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIsPNcp7amZIJvZRERDD9RDuNE3zXoH4RlBMLJYemoYM0CT0CGDHBvXYIkei4NptgldHa6hQ5YIaCGbIgN2XhRNEWLbfduJI_kZ6igIfw30bq5hq6nsW-iRn6SY92r0K9Op1dX7j9AwDtBhmVm3fZPNoYhQSFLuGJdi-B_6m6qIuL-6_tExavHST-PIg/s16000/0001.jpg" /><br /><br /></span> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>What is Internal Combustion Engine ?</b><br />An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to. <br /><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script></span>
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</script><br /><br /></span> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Classification of IC Engines According to <br />i) Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle :</b><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Otto Cycle engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Diesel Cycle Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dual Combustion Cycle Engine.</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">ii) Type of the Fuel - Used :</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Petrol Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Diesel Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Gas Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bi-Fuel Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dual Fuel Engine.</span></li></ul><p> <b style="font-family: verdana;">iii) Number of Strokes :</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">1.2 Stroke Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">2.4 Stroke Engine.</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">iv)Method of Ignition:</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Spark Ignition Engine, (S.I Engine).</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Compression Ignition Engine, (C.I Engine).</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">v) Number of Cylinders :</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Single Cylinder Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Multi-Cylinder Engine.</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">vi) Position of the Cylinder:</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Horizontal Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Vertical Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">V-Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Radial Engine.</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">Vii) Method of Cooling :</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Air Cooled Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Water Cooled Engine.</span></li></ul><p><b style="font-family: verdana;">Viii) Speed of the Engine :</b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Low Speed Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Medium Speed Engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">High Speed Engine.</span></li></ul><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script></span>
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</script></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-40303008839045447762023-01-24T04:12:00.003-08:002023-01-24T04:14:09.832-08:00Presentation on Engine Lubrication System-Download PDF<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiXSpy6gL1ybERR2fYne-iHQTE2Tb75iA5PzKq5Jv_B-0vA9D2pWVV0vV9MzDBnFKTqKHbPs90IUOLP0Zz3tdW7sGspv7wBz8tCMeqpfqZSfIRdEtwxc9ZHdinadEr3IkdZ9sKzkx8cgm7K-QAZPFP4y5BXTZ5JWWsvwwkU1N46C1O3CS-nQ5KL9zT/s2000/lubricationsystem-140430030307-phpapp01-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiXSpy6gL1ybERR2fYne-iHQTE2Tb75iA5PzKq5Jv_B-0vA9D2pWVV0vV9MzDBnFKTqKHbPs90IUOLP0Zz3tdW7sGspv7wBz8tCMeqpfqZSfIRdEtwxc9ZHdinadEr3IkdZ9sKzkx8cgm7K-QAZPFP4y5BXTZ5JWWsvwwkU1N46C1O3CS-nQ5KL9zT/w640-h480/lubricationsystem-140430030307-phpapp01-01.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><br /> </b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>What is Lubrication System ?</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><br /> Have You ever thought that, Why should we need to change the Engine Oil regularly?</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zbAxRWHZ-0NKvojB57Rpu8rZposBPthr3qkErSTpL-wq8WJ2lTPIljYmVC_TVGH3myhSj0etVwXBYJby9U5JSu3L1NBBkVgfd014QALF7Gtf8yiMHxYAfCoksZfIYl9woJ9Oy0jX8ZdKAp20UKaGRr62_qp7v5a9M2y8eMzbVyzAWzxuERscJLue/s2000/lubricationsystem-140430030307-phpapp01-02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zbAxRWHZ-0NKvojB57Rpu8rZposBPthr3qkErSTpL-wq8WJ2lTPIljYmVC_TVGH3myhSj0etVwXBYJby9U5JSu3L1NBBkVgfd014QALF7Gtf8yiMHxYAfCoksZfIYl9woJ9Oy0jX8ZdKAp20UKaGRr62_qp7v5a9M2y8eMzbVyzAWzxuERscJLue/w640-h480/lubricationsystem-140430030307-phpapp01-02.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">You may know about maintaining your car that is you have to change the Engine lubrication oils time to time.The lubrication system is most important for Engine to work properly. It is the system by which the various rotating and sliding engine parts are lubricated to reduce the friction. Because frictional forces causes wear and tear of rubbing parts of the engine and thereby the life of the engine is reduced. So the rubbing part requires that some substance should be introduced between the rubbing surfaces in order to decrease the frictional force between them. Such substance is called lubricant.Oil travels between the various parts as it flows through engine then it forms a thin film between the rubbing surfaces. And lubricant prevents metal -to- metal contact and cleans, smooths for moving parts in an engine as they cycle thousands of times every minute. And it controls the efficient temperature in an engine.The main task of Oil is to keep the things oily so they could not get dry.So we can say “Lubrication is the admission of oil between two surface having relative motion”. </span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lubrication system Types </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">petroil mist lubrication (Petrol and Oil Premix)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Autolube </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Splash</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pressure Fed or Force Feed</span></li></ul><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wet Sump</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dry Sump </span></li></ol><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QkDYUL9EtW3RnEPaVNh3xlSmSGcqrItN/view?usp=share_link" target="_blank"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-9592827503478587162023-01-18T21:53:00.006-08:002023-01-18T21:56:19.145-08:00Lecture Note's on Pistons, Rings, and Connecting Rods - PDF<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /></span> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBMmnLsUHnQlZ-g0_54PuVr0VLPDwwoeU7fVAvS4W63QcE0zeHP7KQ0zLgKJv9CV5Q9-mMEj7lyYY1kemCjdzD2BdHHrzWdvl835ubqArizuqZVTTDueIaI-D8dHcFwiF6C3eDUjSc1kIE7kZpXIGnDImfQmV1RRBxoSKmM9gU2Xc-wc1LUYzm7dr/w640-h480/10cylinderlinerandrings-170709023422-01.jpg" /> <br /></span> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>What is Piston ?</b><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">A piston is a cylindrical engine main component of reciprocating engines that slides back and forth in the cylinder bore by forces produced during the combustion process. And also Piston are employed in reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms.The piston acts as a movable end of the combustion chamber. The stationary end of the combustion chamber is the cylinder head. Pistons are commonly made of a cast aluminum alloy for excellent and lightweight thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct and transfer heat. . Depending on the application, engineers will put them to the test in a pressure chamber. Most pistons are made from die- or gravity-cast aluminum alloy. Cast aluminum alloy is lightweight and has good structural integrity and low manufacturing costs.<br /> </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script><b>Piston Rings Role ? </b><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">They transfer 60 percent of the heat from the piston to the cylinder wall. <br />The main function of PISTON RING To give a gas-tight sealing of the clearance between the piston and the liner. <br />They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion. <br />They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost. <br />Piston rings are fitted in grooves which have been cut in the piston. They are split at one end so they can expand or slipped over the end of piston.<br />Piston rings prevent the piston from knocking on the cylinder wall.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>What is Connecting Rod ?</b><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft.The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces from the piston. In its most common form, in an internal combustion engine, it allows pivoting on the piston end and rotation on the shaft end. <br />The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of the water wheel into reciprocating motion.</span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-24268025924402852022022-11-06T21:25:00.003-08:002022-11-06T21:25:23.376-08:00Basic Note's on Diesel Power Plant (Download PDF) <div><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVBxPAfx01h4vwo7U6YDAaHEUQbRIUdsdlJ3EyXcXGU7cl_QTqyKb6Dflvoudadvkzn5lHjbTAzo7A3_OXPZW8svftK7o2lF4QQ_V8byQSO6NMmwkSeUwJQr_0OxshwBn4_S8TJdTo--3xuZ1v8VbpdkN9ulPUbGBdWO_Avq4i3G4KCrAZr6aO4fu/w640-h480/1.jpg" width="640" /> </span></div> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Diesel Power Plants produce power in the range of 2 to 50 MW, are used as central stations for supply authorities and work.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">They are used as standby sets for continuity of supply such as hospitals, telephone exchanges, radio stations , cinema theaters and industries.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">They are suitable for mobile power generation and widely used in railways and ships.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Used as Peak Load Plants, Mobile Plants, Stand by units, Emergency plants, Starting Stations, Central Stations, Industries where power requirement is small 500kw.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Advantages of Diesel Power Plant </b><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It can respond to varying loads without any difficulty.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> It occupies less space.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">For the same capacity diesel power plant is compact and smaller than a thermal power plant.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Diesel power plants are more efficient than steam power plants in the range of 150 MW capacity.</span></li></ul><p> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Disadvantages of Diesel Power Plant </b><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> High operating cost.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">High maintenance and lubrication cost.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The capacity of a diesel plant is limited. They cannot be constructed in large sizes.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">In a diesel plant noise is a serious problem.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Diesel power plants cannot supply over loads continuously where as steam power plants can work under 25 percent overload continuously. </span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Heat Engine : Any Type of engine or device that derives heat energy from combustion of fuel and converts to heat energy from combustion of fuel and converts to mechanical energy.</b><br /></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">In an Internal Combustion Engine, combustion takes place within working fluid of the engine, thus fluid gets contaminated with combustion products.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Petrol Engine is an example of internal combustion engine, where the working fluid is a mixture of air and fuel.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">In an External combustion engine, working fluid gets energy using boilers by burning fossil fuels or any other fuel, thus the working fluid does not come in contact with combustion products.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Steam engine is an example of external combustion engine, where the working fluid is steam.</span></li></ul><p><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-51235374788924852312022-10-20T19:36:00.003-07:002022-10-20T19:36:41.269-07:00Basic's Presentation on Engine Control Unit (ECU) - PDF<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsaLB3mvqLam_zZVCEv5za_hnMml2Os3XuSqH38L-HMkwyNTqVNCLLQZ5Xx6uKL89QBAx0nqwojHIkLO7YHqU2mdT6Zi2fO3MzUqGAZllpDD76KrDv9UFNzP0NKhnxjKOgtD5k95bqXEf6m_8kqj-kcuKeejcck-lwtyDzwFQzCyM4PgmPl4QZkVn3/s638/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="638" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsaLB3mvqLam_zZVCEv5za_hnMml2Os3XuSqH38L-HMkwyNTqVNCLLQZ5Xx6uKL89QBAx0nqwojHIkLO7YHqU2mdT6Zi2fO3MzUqGAZllpDD76KrDv9UFNzP0NKhnxjKOgtD5k95bqXEf6m_8kqj-kcuKeejcck-lwtyDzwFQzCyM4PgmPl4QZkVn3/w640-h360/1.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The use of the term ECU may be used to refer to an Engine Control Unit, however ECU also refers to an Electronic Control Unit, which is a component of any automotive Mechatronic system, not just for the control of an engine. It serves several functions which includes regulating and maintaining the amount of fuel and air in the fuel injection part and helps in increasing horsepower of the engine.<br /><br />An ECU is a computer with internal pre-programmed and programmable computer chips that is not much different from a home computer or laptop. The vehicle’s engine computer ECU is used to operate the engine by using input sensors and output components to control all engine functions.<br />The ECU needs inputs from vehicle sensors like the crankshaft sensor and camshaft sensors to compute the information using a program that has been stored in the ECU on a programmable memory chip. The ECU program will use the inputted sensor information to compute the needed output like the amount of fuel injected and when to spark the coil in order to start the engine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><b>Advantages Of ECU :- </b><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The main function of the ECU or Engine Control Unit is the controlling of series of function of actuators on an internal combustion engine and ensuring the excellent engine performance. The Engine Control Unit is also called Power train control unit. This is also responsible for the best Engine performance.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It controls the fuel mixture used by the engine. It determines the amount of air-fuel mixture injecting into the engine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"> ECU adjust the exact timing of the spark or the ignition timing to provide the better power and economy. ECU detects itself whether there is the problem in the compression stroke or not and works according and set the timing of ignition.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Most cars have also built in control system in their ECU for controlling idle speed. Idle speed is controlled through the programmable throttle stop. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The amount of data that goes through the ECU for processing is staggering. There are multiple operations which have to be performed almost simultaneously to achieve maximum performance. The beauty of the ECU is that it permits processing of all the information that is received by the engine with the sensors. The car responds far better and much quicker because of this. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The sophistication of the ECU is such that a car company can program information so one car model may have a very smooth ride, while another has more of a racing flair to it. It is also possible to have both qualities in the same vehicle and that is another quite astounding dimension of the ECU.</span></li></ul><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-42807607446252612762022-10-05T00:38:00.004-07:002022-10-05T06:41:23.368-07:00𝗠𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗕𝗢𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗘𝗫𝗔𝗠 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗨𝗟𝗔 - Also Download PDF<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQaWACLPNyOWep4v4WpGZ-Mi9tRCLH1ohURuncQgv4Fm3JBM_01heKtQAuhow5D_GJMwmbirkycEs1QpYUiCMPsnUXpUHtTR4b0LRXs-ojhBgsgPi1ZUPy9nc63hB3eDZ9qQGYyqAACGUHes-LKdba7SrXuodmkM2nO4F4Z3wnvt43rqEVv_sHeX43/s1275/283912643_173665195043208_4580671976875591072_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1275" data-original-width="901" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQaWACLPNyOWep4v4WpGZ-Mi9tRCLH1ohURuncQgv4Fm3JBM_01heKtQAuhow5D_GJMwmbirkycEs1QpYUiCMPsnUXpUHtTR4b0LRXs-ojhBgsgPi1ZUPy9nc63hB3eDZ9qQGYyqAACGUHes-LKdba7SrXuodmkM2nO4F4Z3wnvt43rqEVv_sHeX43/s16000/283912643_173665195043208_4580671976875591072_n.jpg" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">𝗠𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗕𝗢𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗘𝗫𝗔𝗠 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗨𝗟𝗔 <img src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/ta2/1.5/16/1f4da.png" /> PDF Download<br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Mathematics & Engineering Sciences</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Machine Design & Machine Shop Practices</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Power and Industrial Plant Engineering.</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><b>What is Mathematical Engineering?</b><br />Mathematical engineering is an interdisciplinary undergraduate program which adds the deep and broad theoretical infrastructure of mathematics, the oldest and most fundamental science, to the study of engineering. Mathematical engineering aims to provide students with skills in analysis, algorithmic thinking, and modeling development needed in contemporary information Technologies.<br />In addition to providing graduates with a sound mathematical foundation to pursue an academic education in theoretical and applied mathematics, it provides a strong basis for their future professional lives in a wide range of fields. These include various engineering sciences, information technology, software, economics, finance, business, artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, etc.</span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script><b>Machine Design & Machine Shop Practices</b><br />A machine shop or engineering workshop (UK) is a room, building, or company where machining, a form of subtractive manufacturing, is done. In a machine shop, machinists use machine tools and cutting tools to make parts, usually of metal or plastic (but sometimes of other materials such as glass or wood). A machine shop can be a small business (such as a job shop) or a portion of a factory, whether a toolroom or a production area for manufacturing. The building construction and the layout of the place and equipment vary, and are specific to the shop; for instance, the flooring in one shop may be concrete, or even compacted dirt, and another shop may have asphalt floors. A shop may be air-conditioned or not; but in other shops it may be necessary to maintain a controlled climate. Each shop has its own tools and machinery which differ from other shops in quantity, capability and focus of expertise.</span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Power and Industrial Plant Engineering.</b><br />Power plant engineering or power station engineering is a division of power engineering, and is defined as “the engineering and technology required for the production of central station electric power.” The field is focused on the generation of power for industries and communities, not for household power production.<br />The field is an interdisciplinary field, using the theoretical base of both mechanical and electrical engineering. The engineering aspect of power plant management has evolved with technology and has become progressively more complicated.</span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-17100346847941888162022-10-04T03:41:00.002-07:002022-10-04T03:41:26.642-07:00Basic's on INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES - PDF<span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZYubci741dMU5cZg8B4t-ElxxABRKpVplL8bw0tKYM_vjXvLINhfrhfnsuoCuIoxumyI3l_zuTWHxNliAovV5-xJE_xLLL2DpRX14gu15M7xSJrywUf2CyWDtWLgATWEWO4HfVjS7YR8GptVXZs_tDP7BfJDa-BVVdqSDp9JfODCOjWIsKBq_2nOt/s1024/1.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZYubci741dMU5cZg8B4t-ElxxABRKpVplL8bw0tKYM_vjXvLINhfrhfnsuoCuIoxumyI3l_zuTWHxNliAovV5-xJE_xLLL2DpRX14gu15M7xSJrywUf2CyWDtWLgATWEWO4HfVjS7YR8GptVXZs_tDP7BfJDa-BVVdqSDp9JfODCOjWIsKBq_2nOt/s16000/1.jpg" /></a><br /><b> Text Book :-</b><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">I.C Engines by M.L. Mathur and R.P. Sharma, Dhanpat Rai Publications- 2012.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Internal Combustion Engines by V.Ganeshan, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Ed.2009.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines by J.B. Heywood, Tata McGraw Hill, 1988.</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><b>Reference Books :</b><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Engineering Fundamentals of the I.C. Engines by Willard W.Pulkrabek, Year 1998.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Combustion Engine Process by Lichty Judge, Year 2000.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">A Course in I.C. Engine by V.M.Domkundawar, Dhanpathrai Publications - 1999.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wikipedia.com</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"
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</script></span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Objectives</span></b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">After Studying this unit you should be able to know. How internal combustion engines are classified,</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Applied Thermal Engineering on which cycles these engines work,</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">How and how many times the piston has to move to and fro to complete a cycle,</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">What fuels are used in these engines and if there are any harmful effects.</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Introduction</span></b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">An engines is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and uses this thermal energy to produce mechanical work.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Engines normally convert thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they are called heat engines.</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;">Heat engines can be broadly classified into :<br />* External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)<br />* Internal Combustion Engines ( IC Engines)</span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-227810962238776022022-09-17T22:51:00.002-07:002022-09-17T22:51:47.841-07:00Basics On Internal Combustion Engines - Download PPT<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuHLAcjre_uREgHLKbijLvp7C7hLA9w0e-H2OLz5-TQuc5kGOGykot_G-qlehbMrLXtMMTZiH6rOdygKD_vPoKWshLZheiZno6ESBtI-KPT6ZYl1PicQWsaE0YEwtBpbIJtt36tdvlW2eguj1IdH65sqw8tF9DkunOrPtnAOqFzIVgcbUCEAOua6O/s1500/icenginesppt-150219081845-conversion-gate01-page-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuHLAcjre_uREgHLKbijLvp7C7hLA9w0e-H2OLz5-TQuc5kGOGykot_G-qlehbMrLXtMMTZiH6rOdygKD_vPoKWshLZheiZno6ESBtI-KPT6ZYl1PicQWsaE0YEwtBpbIJtt36tdvlW2eguj1IdH65sqw8tF9DkunOrPtnAOqFzIVgcbUCEAOua6O/w640-h480/icenginesppt-150219081845-conversion-gate01-page-001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Combustion, also known as burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing energy from a fuel and air mixture. Internal-combustion engine, one in which combustion of the fuel takes place in a confined space, converts chemical energy into thermal energy, to produce useful mechanical work. The combustion of air and fuels take place inside the combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and high pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to component of the engine which consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding combustion gases push the piston, which in turn rotates the crankshaft. Ultimately, through a system of gears in the power-train, this motion drives the vehicle’s wheels.. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades or a nozzle. <br /><br />Air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber is ignited, either by a spark plug (in case of SI Engines) or by compression (in case of CI engines). This ignition produces tremendous amount of heat energy and pressure inside the cylinder. This induces reciprocating motion in the piston. Power of the piston is transmitted to a crankshaft which undergoes rotary motion. The rotary motion is ultimately transmitted to the wheels of the vehicle, via a transmission system, to produce propulsion in the vehicle. As the combustion takes place internally inside the cylinder (a part of working fluid circuit) the engine is called internal combustion engine.<br /><br />There are two kinds of internal combustion engines currently in production: the spark ignition gasoline engine and the compression ignition diesel engine. Most of these are four-stroke cycle engines, meaning four piston strokes are needed to complete a cycle. The cycle includes four distinct processes: intake, compression, combustion and power stroke, and exhaust.</span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-29448015509781279922022-09-14T20:39:00.003-07:002022-09-14T20:41:59.788-07:00Mechanical Engineering Design (9th Edition)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs9w9xx0XpAPTf0kIjwz1oBLj-cpanLSCrlFI0E3lLuQnOp4CiUQHqonxhOD_IgEszJxaX_k4Vbpc1fwAuoKgQoSGCwa2kDin7FbAmvd0W5ab9QcuDf6cIdgYLtFaEWwxDJ1q4e4s16FKJ/s1600/fdxgfghh.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="491" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs9w9xx0XpAPTf0kIjwz1oBLj-cpanLSCrlFI0E3lLuQnOp4CiUQHqonxhOD_IgEszJxaX_k4Vbpc1fwAuoKgQoSGCwa2kDin7FbAmvd0W5ab9QcuDf6cIdgYLtFaEWwxDJ1q4e4s16FKJ/s640/fdxgfghh.jpg" width="490" /></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>File Size: 23.38 Mb</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Description</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This text is intended for students beginning the study of mechanical engineering design. The focus is on blending fundamental development of concepts with practical specification of components. Students of this text should find that it inherently directs them into familiarity with both the basis for decisions and the standards of industrial components. For this reason, as students transition to practicing engineers, they will find that this text is indispensable as a reference text. The objectives of the text are to:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">• Cover the basics of machine design, including the design process, engineering mechanics and materials, failure prevention under static and variable loading, and characteristics of the principal types of mechanical elements</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">• Offer a practical approach to the subject through a wide range of real-world applications and examples</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">• Encourage readers to link design and analysis</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">• Encourage readers to link fundamental concepts with practical component specification</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Content:-</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Preface </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part 1: Basics</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">1. Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">2. Materials</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3. Load and Stress Analysis</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">4. Deflection and Stiffness</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part 2: Failure Prevention</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">5. Failures Resulting from Static Loading </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">6. Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part 3: Design of Mechanical Elements</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">7. Shafts and Shaft Components</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">8. Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">9. Welding, Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">10. Mechanical Springs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">11. Rolling-Contact Bearings</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">12. Lubrication and Journal Bearings</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">13. Gears—General</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">14. Spur and Helical Gears</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">15. Bevel and Worm Gears</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">16. Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and Flywheels</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">17. Flexible Mechanical Elements</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">18. Power Transmission Case Study</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part 4: Analysis Tools </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">19. Finite-Element Analysis</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">20. Statistical Considerations</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Appendixes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A. Useful Tables</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">B. Answers to Selected Problems</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Index</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Author Details</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>"Richard G. Budynas"</b> Professor Emeritus, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>"J. Keith Nisbett"</b> Associate Professor of Mechanical<b> </b>Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology.</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-33217636223688132262022-01-05T02:49:00.006-08:002022-08-23T22:50:03.152-07:0026 Most Used - Welding Inspection Tools & Instruments.<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcyK9RH9g89owXgQ8UctVnh1lDtOnNswoksf9HNoSuBxxAsxI8fa6Gs9OlHnrbs7TfY-ROdXPeXxGprcn9jzcIPr3rasRZUQVBrQYZ1CmQFu2zFA23uDxw4I683CUDpaLDexuev8lEkVZhNYsWSZ0x7sPKQA_kI3Tck7v-irZG3Jlo-4eu-4bPrAZy=s4032" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2172" data-original-width="4032" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcyK9RH9g89owXgQ8UctVnh1lDtOnNswoksf9HNoSuBxxAsxI8fa6Gs9OlHnrbs7TfY-ROdXPeXxGprcn9jzcIPr3rasRZUQVBrQYZ1CmQFu2zFA23uDxw4I683CUDpaLDexuev8lEkVZhNYsWSZ0x7sPKQA_kI3Tck7v-irZG3Jlo-4eu-4bPrAZy=w640-h344" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>Measurement and inspection of welded joint is an important step in quality control and reliability of welded constructions. External inspection allows you to detect such external defects such as undercuts, uncertified craters facing surface cracks, lack of fusion, flows, etc. Meters of welded joints and welding templates (templates welder) allow us to determine the size of joints, joint width and high, angle of bevel, depth and width of preparation, included angle, root gap, dept. of root face, convexity, smoothness of transition weld to the base metal, leg length, etc.<br /></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Here are the few 26 Most Used - Welding Inspection Tools & Instruments :-</span></b></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">1.PALMGREN WELD GAUGE :-</span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div></b><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPNfIL17h5gk5bO9Koqh_ebJfiug5Padhuqj5eGRDxOpsuvvH3yUn1iZz1wbgODcKXW9-EhxC4j9oT3QTC8zaHBIG8GYB09tr-1JyRZ8R7vfLWrxmqLHJmN3SgJ9PGFWPfc8SmYuWtFAW0Np-8eCSiKkkjbvuCq4BQ6V8a0ltH-qO4fzP4Xr3RknAIpQ=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="863" data-original-width="1077" height="513" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPNfIL17h5gk5bO9Koqh_ebJfiug5Padhuqj5eGRDxOpsuvvH3yUn1iZz1wbgODcKXW9-EhxC4j9oT3QTC8zaHBIG8GYB09tr-1JyRZ8R7vfLWrxmqLHJmN3SgJ9PGFWPfc8SmYuWtFAW0Np-8eCSiKkkjbvuCq4BQ6V8a0ltH-qO4fzP4Xr3RknAIpQ=w640-h513" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">A tool used to accurately check butt and fillet welds in order to meet exact weld specifications. It measures the size of concave fillet welds, maximum convexity, as well as butt weld reinforcements.</span><br /><div><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">2.VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE :- </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjn-gzp47ZwAOpGXWzoiyAskrOL-XtUEJDFfvSb6Fcug9BgQRgLOowooYxYin7gUkc9HEKEfgn28AwXxmPdXqmtP6FNsWrcuT2Fno98TK2FD7-_nMVHJxMDpw-WJdh854f4AC8tSSFUlxhnnQFMhkX2IYpUDwABrT3NO2Kjqgr3Xf_r1XjMn5jl1qEbGw=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1079" height="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjn-gzp47ZwAOpGXWzoiyAskrOL-XtUEJDFfvSb6Fcug9BgQRgLOowooYxYin7gUkc9HEKEfgn28AwXxmPdXqmtP6FNsWrcuT2Fno98TK2FD7-_nMVHJxMDpw-WJdh854f4AC8tSSFUlxhnnQFMhkX2IYpUDwABrT3NO2Kjqgr3Xf_r1XjMn5jl1qEbGw=w640-h519" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">The Vernier height gauge has a vernier caliper, equipped with a special base block, measuring jaw, and other attachments which make the instrument suitable for height measurements.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">3.SURFACE ROUGHNESS COMPARATOR</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjGSodP2KSmNfs89Wl22soNwuXTyr4toacIAcQdrRNYfK9uuETqnxlpbCSeoXytTngGUSo0iI169ZgJvpycJzl7RoQxaSSwc6PKl8vfUkHIFO2XI3macYLF457r0NLpkGYam9uzTabBtADxj59WunYiUYrhc3Jg-B-47-bLVEJLdccDfuq-AxCIusNgFA=s1075" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1075" height="523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjGSodP2KSmNfs89Wl22soNwuXTyr4toacIAcQdrRNYfK9uuETqnxlpbCSeoXytTngGUSo0iI169ZgJvpycJzl7RoQxaSSwc6PKl8vfUkHIFO2XI3macYLF457r0NLpkGYam9uzTabBtADxj59WunYiUYrhc3Jg-B-47-bLVEJLdccDfuq-AxCIusNgFA=w640-h523" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">Surface roughness comparators are used within industry to measure or verify the as-manufactured surface finish (roughness) of a part or assembly. Comparators are selected and used based on the manufacturing process used to create a particular surface finish. </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">4.RADIUS GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVp2T97gqY_z7y4AwEcOJc5TxF-FE2ZFWdsLdd3lYKUSISuNcOdbCh03dq7syfz2SybV3xXgdIHQNi-X6IBfkHT_cLg1M924Sml3comOrUqicuadoKbREk8J_2itko52txfpNLQ5IrdtzMkJZ43C345hu2FlMdgbGtjWNxiFyXALC39QG3YyODcwZ5Ng=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1077" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVp2T97gqY_z7y4AwEcOJc5TxF-FE2ZFWdsLdd3lYKUSISuNcOdbCh03dq7syfz2SybV3xXgdIHQNi-X6IBfkHT_cLg1M924Sml3comOrUqicuadoKbREk8J_2itko52txfpNLQ5IrdtzMkJZ43C345hu2FlMdgbGtjWNxiFyXALC39QG3YyODcwZ5Ng=w640-h522" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;">A radius gauge, also known as a fillet gauge, is a tool used to measure the radius of an object.<br />Radius gauges require a bright light behind the object to be measured. The gauge is placed against the edge to be checked and any light leakage between the blade and edge indicates a mismatch that requires correction.</span><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">5.DEPTH MICROMETER GAUGE </span></b></div></b></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiW4cWrAsu2ZQO7wMw411o-4qklLF2SxeRINUlj4peXIL2v7-D3D2EHV5P0z5r714y1Yt1W7Ygj5J145XsuNnIq2YsmfZM4lhW_lBHg5LMqgKlbh9wNXjYx4T8Ei1OBP8rJDRetGa_zQN483cIPdpVvy-QfR8pObCFbuucJeswjtRJLlFGE4ydptX3_Tw=s1075" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1075" height="525" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiW4cWrAsu2ZQO7wMw411o-4qklLF2SxeRINUlj4peXIL2v7-D3D2EHV5P0z5r714y1Yt1W7Ygj5J145XsuNnIq2YsmfZM4lhW_lBHg5LMqgKlbh9wNXjYx4T8Ei1OBP8rJDRetGa_zQN483cIPdpVvy-QfR8pObCFbuucJeswjtRJLlFGE4ydptX3_Tw=w640-h525" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">Depth micrometer used to measure the depth of an object with precision and accuracy with least count of 0.01 mm. The measuring span is 25 mm just like in micrometer, that can change by changing upsetting rod.</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""Source Sans Pro", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: #6d6d6d; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script><span style="font-size: large;">6.HIGH LOW GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwHATgbm0-5I2iCV8wNrC5g3k8Ddkg6gFwZagdsXzKV5AdiV9IqdTWei-f6RKpNPKTEa2CSOQC-3RtJRbOfY4VEvwaLoocsyRKvgrR3fJkMLoDHOGYPYcr6yUrIU3OUuoQtqZVyfElTVkn1rNQRPddIQsMum7XbG7i1CAavUbrT0H4eklVVeF1JTvWuA=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1079" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwHATgbm0-5I2iCV8wNrC5g3k8Ddkg6gFwZagdsXzKV5AdiV9IqdTWei-f6RKpNPKTEa2CSOQC-3RtJRbOfY4VEvwaLoocsyRKvgrR3fJkMLoDHOGYPYcr6yUrIU3OUuoQtqZVyfElTVkn1rNQRPddIQsMum7XbG7i1CAavUbrT0H4eklVVeF1JTvWuA=w640-h520" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">It is an essential tool for pipe and welding inspection. It can perform the following functions :<br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">Used to measure internal misalignment.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Used to measure pipe wall thickness.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Used to measure fit-up Gap.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Used to measure crown height of butt welds</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Quickly determines if fillet welds meet NRC Visual Weld Acceptance Criteria for Structural Weldments.</span></li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">7.CAMBRIDGE GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLgeGAC7sAotNmpsA5nghoF05G3CXztd3DxjEUZ7l_gtzK51UAD-dqW42PReo0YLmKyV4Ovohl3HYLw6FjEw-O9CecveK-kyLdfOnyyskG9aFYLLsX0tkQIIkGLS2xBEdcrK82f6IbQ8FaldPWAf9nQPhlYVFyVAS2dVzyh-B0v1xktdtgMTZLV8McUQ=s1075" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="871" data-original-width="1075" height="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLgeGAC7sAotNmpsA5nghoF05G3CXztd3DxjEUZ7l_gtzK51UAD-dqW42PReo0YLmKyV4Ovohl3HYLw6FjEw-O9CecveK-kyLdfOnyyskG9aFYLLsX0tkQIIkGLS2xBEdcrK82f6IbQ8FaldPWAf9nQPhlYVFyVAS2dVzyh-B0v1xktdtgMTZLV8McUQ=w640-h519" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">The Bridge Cam Gauge, commonly known as the Cambridge gauge, is an accurate, sturdy gauge for both shop and field applications. It can measure fillet weld leg length and throat thickness, height of weld reinforcement, depth of undercut, misalignment and the angle of preparation.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">8.DIGITAL VERNIER CALIPER</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWjM9_yucBFgDc1vaPu3nGm7jxSRCT02y5IdcjPUaC5zSZo-xFbN8rvZHPbtaNWWu6WbHDLXCJqILwJ34C4xF8hKEq89gPKUk0Fc8IYg_-GxYOB5ugh1jvxu3FM5_BeFroBuyYhi8uH5teh_Dar4BMBK3L933DErEWAzt4DW09fT5JQfh9_HiHVw-8_w=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1077" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWjM9_yucBFgDc1vaPu3nGm7jxSRCT02y5IdcjPUaC5zSZo-xFbN8rvZHPbtaNWWu6WbHDLXCJqILwJ34C4xF8hKEq89gPKUk0Fc8IYg_-GxYOB5ugh1jvxu3FM5_BeFroBuyYhi8uH5teh_Dar4BMBK3L933DErEWAzt4DW09fT5JQfh9_HiHVw-8_w=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Digital Vernier Caliper is upgrading version of Analog Vernier Caliper, which is a widely used linear measurement instrument with a least count of 0.01 mm, more accurate than Analog.<br /><br />This Digital type of Vernier is similar to Analog Vernier Caliper Instead Dimension output in Digital Manner that is more convinces than analog type.</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">9.MAGNIFYING GLASSES AND LOUPES FOR VT</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir0Ms8eKbwAVCxxGgErNMVJf_lgJJas03HHt7gg5xNHUEUqeLa5heBEx6cNeYlJBSzYJjSPxIQ8FJe5U9CisF0AhlqTQQuK4Dgv4mhFVKNOAskdh9Bg214Mkxp-H833iHbY3ZBUetKnJL4AZA-KISyzu0OMd1tJtrbBgic-dFrQcXjFPO81kFdRuayIA=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1077" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir0Ms8eKbwAVCxxGgErNMVJf_lgJJas03HHt7gg5xNHUEUqeLa5heBEx6cNeYlJBSzYJjSPxIQ8FJe5U9CisF0AhlqTQQuK4Dgv4mhFVKNOAskdh9Bg214Mkxp-H833iHbY3ZBUetKnJL4AZA-KISyzu0OMd1tJtrbBgic-dFrQcXjFPO81kFdRuayIA=w640-h522" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">A magnifying glass (or loupe, from Old French, meaning an imperfect gem), is the simplest of optical instruments intended for the enhancement of visual capability.<br />A loupe is a simple, small magnification device used to see small details more closely. They generally have higher magnification than a magnifying glass, and are designed to be held or worn close to the eye. A loupe does not have an attached handle, and its focusing lenses are contained in an opaque cylinder or cone. On some loupes this cylinder folds into an enclosing housing that protects the lenses when not in use.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">10.MEASURE TAPE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiULcw7-Fbud-FnrRKx41ky5p2ZW1jKqeGF84sZWCWfKpmZ3y9-hpTZMhKGzbgxFYljIqYARxbDhl7cAjYyBHWCKxdTS_PmXzs0M42TqlQL6-KBn4GHfdSyFFpqPhKqGGdCSqtOD9d2Jv7EIsr50qQJ4QfVRgiWWHuUlgdL4eOFsLC-7hRPJCFyIWW1kg=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1079" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiULcw7-Fbud-FnrRKx41ky5p2ZW1jKqeGF84sZWCWfKpmZ3y9-hpTZMhKGzbgxFYljIqYARxbDhl7cAjYyBHWCKxdTS_PmXzs0M42TqlQL6-KBn4GHfdSyFFpqPhKqGGdCSqtOD9d2Jv7EIsr50qQJ4QfVRgiWWHuUlgdL4eOFsLC-7hRPJCFyIWW1kg=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;">A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure size or distance.<br />It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners.</span></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">11.SPIRIT LEVEL</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh5lYW8OhOiMXKU-crFJbZbSMFegIuoowKK9hOryMujy0OOpnIjVrdd7mFwOWpwWZlQUfwZZs5EGJSLXSKbgPlZwI9I_iElyEsbsAtNA8FtnN1vb4DG1SGbaawx15bOLATDNyaQABmcjXy-wKYVBQR0i5a4S6_Xf4r8Ihvt9Mqh4eEqd_5YKcy8cXSZXg=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1079" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh5lYW8OhOiMXKU-crFJbZbSMFegIuoowKK9hOryMujy0OOpnIjVrdd7mFwOWpwWZlQUfwZZs5EGJSLXSKbgPlZwI9I_iElyEsbsAtNA8FtnN1vb4DG1SGbaawx15bOLATDNyaQABmcjXy-wKYVBQR0i5a4S6_Xf4r8Ihvt9Mqh4eEqd_5YKcy8cXSZXg=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br />Spirit Level is a device which is used to check the level of surfaces especially surface tables. A spirit level is a basic bubble instrument such like It is an angular measuring device in which the bubble always moves to the highest point of a glass vial mounted top surface on Spirit Level.</span><b><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">12.RIGID BORESCOPE</span></b></div></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjszb_hGfQfk1T1gmMxK-2AVJbMl0ELhOIOnOaixdl12RT2NfVCvf6J2CpD_PjPcjqwCm-bp1iAlXBVhJ80ZawbgINYMjMXsWPSTN8QecBD33kHak2GFVodDsz0FeXeq2xKaEfdXJs2YHdRjSeyr1F1iObaqGS376LVkHKTna9qSSFE1St2dx75CuXWXQ=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="1077" height="525" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjszb_hGfQfk1T1gmMxK-2AVJbMl0ELhOIOnOaixdl12RT2NfVCvf6J2CpD_PjPcjqwCm-bp1iAlXBVhJ80ZawbgINYMjMXsWPSTN8QecBD33kHak2GFVodDsz0FeXeq2xKaEfdXJs2YHdRjSeyr1F1iObaqGS376LVkHKTna9qSSFE1St2dx75CuXWXQ=w640-h525" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">A borescope occasionally called a boroscope, though this spelling is nonstandard is an optical instrument designed to assist visual inspection of narrow, difficult-to-reach cavities, consisting of a rigid or flexible tube with an eyepiece or display on one end, an objective lens or camera on the other, linked together by an optical or electrical system in between.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">13.GO/NO-GO GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_K02yQeHGv9g2LpT40qTAdN6AlwXGcr6yWsCv3-1iUvtMaAwK1DCBQUr_bJ-nh6ivS3D8AYTRcb12lKO03dY0HkqFEhSX5s356eBMGXVdlxu2zth_Xw46IbkLY4oc5mHAVhw-fYV6kli29BZMt7alrmsK0W9XAJo3KrBadU4TqxKgvycFhJS64gWgCA=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1079" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_K02yQeHGv9g2LpT40qTAdN6AlwXGcr6yWsCv3-1iUvtMaAwK1DCBQUr_bJ-nh6ivS3D8AYTRcb12lKO03dY0HkqFEhSX5s356eBMGXVdlxu2zth_Xw46IbkLY4oc5mHAVhw-fYV6kli29BZMt7alrmsK0W9XAJo3KrBadU4TqxKgvycFhJS64gWgCA=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">A go/no-go gauge refers to an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed tolerances via a go/no-go test. Its name is derived from two tests: the check involves the work piece having to pass one test (go) and fail the other (no-go).</span><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">14.FEELER GAUGE SET</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEzprMdAo65iegx4cFZZ3oneI2ABrJ63_8zJASVOB9J_LXae3LLq1ZiP56GmAenXdEEh2BIHIMrzki56cZgiINwoBgx1VC2Qx31Kh4wsXH7GQfw48-Kmz_CyxEY_IVVRpP7BAeHNIqun3uA9lyZK2ZdDzClEbufeC-cK3_GtE8gNO5Dx22Z2HzIRXIiA=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1079" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEzprMdAo65iegx4cFZZ3oneI2ABrJ63_8zJASVOB9J_LXae3LLq1ZiP56GmAenXdEEh2BIHIMrzki56cZgiINwoBgx1VC2Qx31Kh4wsXH7GQfw48-Kmz_CyxEY_IVVRpP7BAeHNIqun3uA9lyZK2ZdDzClEbufeC-cK3_GtE8gNO5Dx22Z2HzIRXIiA=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler gauges are mostly used in engineering to measure the clearance between two parts.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script><span style="font-size: large;">15.MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBEZZtqVTgd3vPp57Nm6jKrTL9FASRksIspNkuWPJFX4wvgsu5S6rjJjSKr5HmOZFw7hDinqlyW-9WScQF3Z33Q2YQIgovaTmBUEC-MAqhajYkk9q38Y8uMzNUWynBvZ0q77-3vRRpLByOX7wtt1Nw8M2iTFIwX39IarAd-p5mVmYBmtTD_nkq0RJuNA=s1073" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1073" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBEZZtqVTgd3vPp57Nm6jKrTL9FASRksIspNkuWPJFX4wvgsu5S6rjJjSKr5HmOZFw7hDinqlyW-9WScQF3Z33Q2YQIgovaTmBUEC-MAqhajYkk9q38Y8uMzNUWynBvZ0q77-3vRRpLByOX7wtt1Nw8M2iTFIwX39IarAd-p5mVmYBmtTD_nkq0RJuNA=w640-h524" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for accurate measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrologica0 instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. </span><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">16.INSIDE MICROMETER GAUGE</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMC3Eb2lvqw_fdFq_NQHx6xeQQEbjTdHWeq9nKBFYUjwIOHmT_VPpIVsGEUsByHQzUYRx7U9P6wwuKMLqQq_0nAujCYy0uHZpFwdVUBm-VPAWap7aM6lWmQfJaXotFBfuOCaShFMNtvElbn_0ZQkbddDZImeZKdVcemmDgy-fXdTgLLnbN1kbxCSr-eg=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1077" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMC3Eb2lvqw_fdFq_NQHx6xeQQEbjTdHWeq9nKBFYUjwIOHmT_VPpIVsGEUsByHQzUYRx7U9P6wwuKMLqQq_0nAujCYy0uHZpFwdVUBm-VPAWap7aM6lWmQfJaXotFBfuOCaShFMNtvElbn_0ZQkbddDZImeZKdVcemmDgy-fXdTgLLnbN1kbxCSr-eg=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">Inside Micrometer is used to measure the larger internal dimension. Inside Micrometer can measure internal Diameter of holes and registers.</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">17.PIPE PIT GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6DXWdntldDff3baRWrA0-WnZbBkYMGyMrG0-dI9_clP5CqCNSeEXcYrheceXR98lOIBvp4myjoEhEnDrAZ95ZF_VygNC1vRjr8o_FHPHoLtItlkIHyywsbuzL1_97bX1iUnBbxWVvQrISRkQa2wY1j3nkDelEq3DCkPlX3m3wcTtB1RRHAaj0Sh_zvw=s1075" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1075" height="525" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6DXWdntldDff3baRWrA0-WnZbBkYMGyMrG0-dI9_clP5CqCNSeEXcYrheceXR98lOIBvp4myjoEhEnDrAZ95ZF_VygNC1vRjr8o_FHPHoLtItlkIHyywsbuzL1_97bX1iUnBbxWVvQrISRkQa2wY1j3nkDelEq3DCkPlX3m3wcTtB1RRHAaj0Sh_zvw=w640-h525" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">This small pocket sized stainless steel gauge is designed to identify the condition of pipe like Depth of Pit, Pipe thickness etc. Gauge includes 110mm long scale in Metric & Inch. Conversion Table available on back side & formulas on top.<br />Range:- 0 to 13mm</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">18.STEEL RULER</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjgWI3zup9XlrZlLvKaEaj35qE6OquPBar6FdNSHuHPZPJDpcvZ-N72BTPLYY6KERQsd68Y_7NYWVBh-oy3RWoed8kzdmVK2ZTKio6nucw9pl41b5emsVgdCr-Rb58_ZdhtZ_MFDuM6kgRwwBmXT70KooFhuEdc93F6Hph9Cgx2yNPms09gNpEheU308Q=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1077" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjgWI3zup9XlrZlLvKaEaj35qE6OquPBar6FdNSHuHPZPJDpcvZ-N72BTPLYY6KERQsd68Y_7NYWVBh-oy3RWoed8kzdmVK2ZTKio6nucw9pl41b5emsVgdCr-Rb58_ZdhtZ_MFDuM6kgRwwBmXT70KooFhuEdc93F6Hph9Cgx2yNPms09gNpEheU308Q=w640-h522" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">Steel rules, also called rulers, are essential in any shop when accuracy matters. Steel rules are inherently more accurate than folding rules because they are made in one piece and so avoid the inaccuracies, however small, which are inherent in folding rules because of the to play in their hinges. The requirements for accuracy in steel rules vary greatly, however, and the range of products varies likewise.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">19.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;">TAPER GAUGE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcrs6e8KSPqkvNduDB6HAQmKvMybnQeXW0cidgiEL_jJW2lkZzvFvrV1YRzYhtrqJYGsmEmv8pm-H7v2fsxUvQXgiOLvR8TlVBpbs7HEffU2kE_WLNes3fbCSLss9MrE2a1ZIhUW2wdR9Y2in3dAp7kGWOGR3YHMI0vA3hkNqGs7VUwgLCnR8RTJAu6A=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1079" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcrs6e8KSPqkvNduDB6HAQmKvMybnQeXW0cidgiEL_jJW2lkZzvFvrV1YRzYhtrqJYGsmEmv8pm-H7v2fsxUvQXgiOLvR8TlVBpbs7HEffU2kE_WLNes3fbCSLss9MrE2a1ZIhUW2wdR9Y2in3dAp7kGWOGR3YHMI0vA3hkNqGs7VUwgLCnR8RTJAu6A=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">A taper gauge is a measuring tool that measures sizes such as the width of gaps and grooves, hole diameter, and pipe inner diameter. In addition to models made of metals such as carbon tool steel and stainless steel, there are also models made of plastic that do not easily damage the object. Metal models with round cut gauge tips are even safer. They can make accurate measurements with a scale of 0.05 mm from 1 to 60 mm. A taper gauges has a case or cap made of brass or polycarbonate for easy carrying, so there are many types that can easily fit in the breast pocket. <br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6493779434442282"></script>
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</script></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">20.VERNIER CALIPER</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhf1Q3AoVuUG5SSg1nohCnnUCKIeTl7ozX-imE8KscrYcsAbQDu4YgGp5lU5ra6-tbvCe9MgkbbZFsXzGaobdjkKrJGiZFpsnkkwsyu7OF9vG0-I6yD7f2B771jNUnngKxsm9Uwd_dPxemhsVZU-gVPqnO5ezQU1Fo5R5CuDj8bCiJms-Z6ltwTHLl3fA=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1079" height="523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhf1Q3AoVuUG5SSg1nohCnnUCKIeTl7ozX-imE8KscrYcsAbQDu4YgGp5lU5ra6-tbvCe9MgkbbZFsXzGaobdjkKrJGiZFpsnkkwsyu7OF9vG0-I6yD7f2B771jNUnngKxsm9Uwd_dPxemhsVZU-gVPqnO5ezQU1Fo5R5CuDj8bCiJms-Z6ltwTHLl3fA=w640-h523" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">A measuring instrument consisting of an L-shaped frame with a linear scale along its longer arm and an L-shaped sliding attachment with a vernier, used to read directly the dimension of an object represented by the separation between the inner or outer edges of the two shorter arms.</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">21. INDIRECT TRANSFER CALIPERS</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguxob2Ek27K_1FffUjQ-Ft1NoSxbODsqlLTQEzrFfsGjpfCEZeTBKIVwdL5uX563IMaf8kSa_-UgU6qUfXVAbufyiW2adImIRsoqsFv9Kn8Pgc3ZXVVELp2i3F6cLM8CcG4kgDIbx9fs7i_uSycysC5G5b1phKRAJ4H1SjB4We39X58OHIqKidcttrLA=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="873" data-original-width="1079" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguxob2Ek27K_1FffUjQ-Ft1NoSxbODsqlLTQEzrFfsGjpfCEZeTBKIVwdL5uX563IMaf8kSa_-UgU6qUfXVAbufyiW2adImIRsoqsFv9Kn8Pgc3ZXVVELp2i3F6cLM8CcG4kgDIbx9fs7i_uSycysC5G5b1phKRAJ4H1SjB4We39X58OHIqKidcttrLA=w640-h518" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">There are two methods for performing dimensional measurements: direct measurement and indirect measurement. With direct measurements, measuring instruments such as Vernier calipers, micrometers, and coordinate measuring machines are used to measure the dimensions of the target directly. These measurements are also known as absolute measurements. Measurements can be performed over a wide range specified by the scale of the measuring instrument, but there is also the chance that the measurement will be wrong due to erroneous readings of the scale.<br />With indirect measurements, the dimensions are measured using measuring instruments such as dial gauges that look at the difference between targets and reference devices such as gauge blocks and ring gauges. These are also known as comparative measurements due to the fact that a comparison is performed using an object with standard dimensions. </span><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> 22.V-WAC UNDERCUT GAUGE </span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgTD_4KLxMAxVug3L-q57Ik4somV9IwHAZSe86tOx4gcHwHpVSQKHjZXlNVFV3wu85oPC9OjBFA29cKnNC4K8HYeYsOLvFUWXf-PrVcBWmEGk2CISh9xYWb-TPYAHKYyKaobtGWJHrqS1w0zLwTkBY0c_Pn1fPGaQMXfpRCAxNXKtKM8GbqMmIjMf5U-Q=s1079" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1079" height="523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgTD_4KLxMAxVug3L-q57Ik4somV9IwHAZSe86tOx4gcHwHpVSQKHjZXlNVFV3wu85oPC9OjBFA29cKnNC4K8HYeYsOLvFUWXf-PrVcBWmEGk2CISh9xYWb-TPYAHKYyKaobtGWJHrqS1w0zLwTkBY0c_Pn1fPGaQMXfpRCAxNXKtKM8GbqMmIjMf5U-Q=w640-h523" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">The V-WAC Single Weld Gauge can be used to measure undercut at the toe of the weld for both butt welds and fillet welds. It has a number of other purposes which make it versatile.<br /><br />It can be used to measure weld cap height and can estimate the size of porosity with the inbuilt porosity comparator. As porosity is often assessed as the number of pores per a given length the V-WAC has a 25mm calibrated section so this assessment can be made.<br /><br />The V-WAC Single Weld Gauge can measure undercuts / Pits to 6mm, Crowns to 6mm by 0.5mm Increments, check porosity, and crown height.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">23.WELD FILLET GAUGE SET</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQtWo67iqXB0ZAdowWGKHs8hW4Dyb3fCxv56MlpzNKxU7xIdLlXRPfFPHdUZvsV27aJmyJmki2FKcMAMFeKAL2_U7qf41f1Za7M17hP6jW0rQ1DNayBpEdyKxzxyO6KUB4DCOxKf5R5ULF2Yzq8TFFrRr80F6DRMdNO6VC9F5EWFp2lwQ1yyXnoMBxJg=s959" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="959" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQtWo67iqXB0ZAdowWGKHs8hW4Dyb3fCxv56MlpzNKxU7xIdLlXRPfFPHdUZvsV27aJmyJmki2FKcMAMFeKAL2_U7qf41f1Za7M17hP6jW0rQ1DNayBpEdyKxzxyO6KUB4DCOxKf5R5ULF2Yzq8TFFrRr80F6DRMdNO6VC9F5EWFp2lwQ1yyXnoMBxJg=w640-h521" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">A Versatile tool for the use of welding operator. The tool can be used with ease for weld joint preparatory functions as well as for checking of the weld joint. The tool combines a bore gauge, angle gauge, depth gauge & weld height gauge. The tool is made in stainless steel with polish finish.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Features</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">"Measure concave or convex fillet welds ranging in 1/8"" to 1"" in size"</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Stainless steel construction to improve durability and prevent rust</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Durable laser etched size marking with black ink fill for improved visibility</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Precision cut smooth edges to prevent cuts during use</span></li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">24.ROUNDED INDICATION SCALE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9nrz7U3DjCFti4X5t3EL1QToxzooNl8pwrfOCtRb_h90hYhh16ZCx8GU2lJNrKxXoM2S759IrzQp5x0c1o6Qjpq2A9agRjH623Weq6FaDYENXrJLymidAOa2mxLh3-eoDZXm-9WRe23HTtJjjFWKa4FLOhUL55nWyyqvkzONAZBZ1RQJMDCD1tg2TyA=s1075" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1075" height="525" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9nrz7U3DjCFti4X5t3EL1QToxzooNl8pwrfOCtRb_h90hYhh16ZCx8GU2lJNrKxXoM2S759IrzQp5x0c1o6Qjpq2A9agRjH623Weq6FaDYENXrJLymidAOa2mxLh3-eoDZXm-9WRe23HTtJjjFWKa4FLOhUL55nWyyqvkzONAZBZ1RQJMDCD1tg2TyA=w640-h525" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;">Rounded Indications is a Indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of an indication, the tail shall be included. The indication may be from any imperfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">25.VIDEO BORESCOPE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzevTsmTEfyYPcLdpKE7LkCOHQM4jIhROwyUmNW_8eVqdn8_ZbI18NYWN4ZnHCvUHKieaTuZEygb0sPlYj9LzMVAt9vt5h_rD0vnE0k8NT2Ah0O0_tHEDMQ5zaGJrjvRY232EaTrIhsVD_zc6E1dtHUQWoW6nyp86NqkRBAjRjdx7tkW10fTI0EjQOAg=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1077" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzevTsmTEfyYPcLdpKE7LkCOHQM4jIhROwyUmNW_8eVqdn8_ZbI18NYWN4ZnHCvUHKieaTuZEygb0sPlYj9LzMVAt9vt5h_rD0vnE0k8NT2Ah0O0_tHEDMQ5zaGJrjvRY232EaTrIhsVD_zc6E1dtHUQWoW6nyp86NqkRBAjRjdx7tkW10fTI0EjQOAg=w640-h522" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">A borescope (occasionally called a boroscope, though this spelling is nonstandard) is an optical instrument designed to assist visual inspection of narrow, difficult-to-reach cavities, consisting of a rigid or flexible tube with an eyepiece or display on one end, an objective lens or camera on the other, linked together by an optical or electrical system in between. The optical system in some instances is accompanied by (typically fiberoptic) illumination to enhance brightness and contrast. An internal image of the illuminated object is formed by the objective lens and magnified by the eyepiece which presents it to the viewer's eye.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">26.FLEXIBLE BORESCOPE</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhzqiR2Xenjf6AhQ_eAAKNMaca18M8B5PGnH1EUSBwkn1wWLuFhC7P8uDY5HNqtAIY5jPHEb0KM0okciaEWg2mWFdIqgybOj1J9m_AjczMadsC4L5EWVy56xUaj3PesUepgDVoUpjeQu_3U4jeNZLkIz6oWzrM6ew0XtFK4LaDRXpp3XnFaEwyAlX-mVQ=s1077" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1077" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhzqiR2Xenjf6AhQ_eAAKNMaca18M8B5PGnH1EUSBwkn1wWLuFhC7P8uDY5HNqtAIY5jPHEb0KM0okciaEWg2mWFdIqgybOj1J9m_AjczMadsC4L5EWVy56xUaj3PesUepgDVoUpjeQu_3U4jeNZLkIz6oWzrM6ew0XtFK4LaDRXpp3XnFaEwyAlX-mVQ=w640-h522" width="640" /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;">A borescope (occasionally called a boroscope, though this spelling is nonstandard) is an optical instrument designed to assist visual inspection of narrow, difficult-to-reach cavities, consisting of a rigid or flexible tube with an eyepiece or display on one end, an objective lens or camera on the other, linked together by an optical or electrical system in between. </span></div></div>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-65303882678971584312021-07-17T20:07:00.004-07:002022-08-23T22:50:16.497-07:00What is Butt Welding ? & What are the Various Types of Butt Welds ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="831" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5JQ_CATQ-Kj7O3isC3gDWF6ildDD2w9nOUKJBZ1KMe_Cj2N1zSSEI4CqbA7rAocM-iU-X-4Su2m7HX8lJvVZfpjaiJhzdkVxySu9PDTq-3QNa2Faoe6tvPncBqd_DvqoKR9Ot2VfRoCfC/s16000/Capture.JPG" /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">A butt weld is one of the simplest and versatile types of weld joint designs. Butt welding can also be done with brazing for copper pieces. It is a weld made between two plates so as to give continuity of section. The joint is formed simply by placing two pieces of metal end-to-end and then welding along the join.<br /><br />A butt joint is the most universally used method of joining pipe to itself, fittings, flanges, Valves, and other equipment. This welding technique is widely applied in situations where a quality weld desired, and the weld by X-ray technically should be investigated.<br /><br />Importantly, in a butt joint, the surfaces of the work pieces being joined are on the same plane and weld metal remains within the planes of the surfaces. Thus, work pieces are nearly parallel and do not overlap, unlike lap joints .</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr13PDD5LpWV8KGO2m8hrVVMPJFwEUP2SImfxRhyU9QR_6CEWUSU2UknWcBO0mzzw97kXl8zhoukheAN_8jUec9LMw8O6RK-mGeixpaYNDcySzxZ4Breqpls57vvB1zPZ9NPOxwKlSTcpZ/s1280/v.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr13PDD5LpWV8KGO2m8hrVVMPJFwEUP2SImfxRhyU9QR_6CEWUSU2UknWcBO0mzzw97kXl8zhoukheAN_8jUec9LMw8O6RK-mGeixpaYNDcySzxZ4Breqpls57vvB1zPZ9NPOxwKlSTcpZ/w640-h360/v.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Close attention must be paid to detail in a butt weld to ensure that the maximum strength of the weld is developed. Failure to properly prepare the edges may lead to the production of faulty welds, as correct manipulation of the electrode is impeded. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Two terms relating to the preparation of butt welds require explanation at this stage. They are:</b><br /><b>Root Face:</b> The proportion of the prepared edge that has not been bevelled (Land).<br /><b>Root Gap: </b>the separation between root faces of the parts to be joined.<br /><br /><script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Various types of butt welds are in common use and their suitability for different thickness of steel are described as follows:</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Square Butt Weld :-</span></b><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXxjs4yu9QMKc_aFWKvCg3zXVjKHODSdrB1zIL2M9Z_h6gtgXCT_5F1s0lfhax-sxveuRll8Bt6Isk3dbpIn5fR0vSTUZe0gfYV1vlTJnAfLYP7D3thU54Fjcj-Jf7FJCLBd_pRDusQyp8/s540/sqare+butt.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXxjs4yu9QMKc_aFWKvCg3zXVjKHODSdrB1zIL2M9Z_h6gtgXCT_5F1s0lfhax-sxveuRll8Bt6Isk3dbpIn5fR0vSTUZe0gfYV1vlTJnAfLYP7D3thU54Fjcj-Jf7FJCLBd_pRDusQyp8/s320/sqare+butt.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b>The edges are not prepared, but are separated slightly to allow fusion through the full thickness of the steel. Suitable for plate up to 6 mm in thickness.<br /><br /><b>Single ‘V’ Butt Weld :-</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuo7FjTCyuvmawOxYhX0JcssUxUOCnvYBuoqygTTJF_d_hIcTAMmP8gBbrtpo0ckt8dQ2eDtpoJpXh2PdLABpcr-UCnXHt7rzDgEAVfFEHJcl6-gbJ-WsV2YW86Z6A-_N-CBMf04NmXsG/s784/single+v+butt.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="784" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuo7FjTCyuvmawOxYhX0JcssUxUOCnvYBuoqygTTJF_d_hIcTAMmP8gBbrtpo0ckt8dQ2eDtpoJpXh2PdLABpcr-UCnXHt7rzDgEAVfFEHJcl6-gbJ-WsV2YW86Z6A-_N-CBMf04NmXsG/s320/single+v+butt.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b>This is commonly used for plate up to 16 mm in thickness and on metal of greater thickness where access is available from only one side.<br /><br /><b>Double ‘V’ Butt Weld :-</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArww3HbH35gzzpXME7DgCIaAlpkbIQlFiCcp2Iq7Kbg0LGRtU27n6mS8fSCWv6LpTm_zMWzarCH-eej76eUh9GPJw1xShyphenhyphenS6qxR0nwfdI_xZyCKewdIaVDC1sveH9_QWdiSjfXrtStk39/s767/double+v+butt.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="767" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArww3HbH35gzzpXME7DgCIaAlpkbIQlFiCcp2Iq7Kbg0LGRtU27n6mS8fSCWv6LpTm_zMWzarCH-eej76eUh9GPJw1xShyphenhyphenS6qxR0nwfdI_xZyCKewdIaVDC1sveH9_QWdiSjfXrtStk39/s320/double+v+butt.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Used on plate of 12 mm and over in thickness when welding can be applied from both sides. It allows faster welding and greater economy of electrodes than a single ‘V’ preparation on the same thickness of steel and also has less tendency to distortion as weld contraction can be equalised.<br /><br /><b>Butt Weld with Backing Material :-</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2p1hQ06oGSz8Nvxs6h13Wre5z8v9L0_TKqQ_dCHEhouTvvch9G226CMwQHgaYly2_xMiSypxsz8zZxmzKplIbS3ObTSb4uubGHIGT68zrgYpyNDDsuAejw-tpGXF48Fj49NCCwVeT6C51/s778/butt+weld+with+backing+matter.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2p1hQ06oGSz8Nvxs6h13Wre5z8v9L0_TKqQ_dCHEhouTvvch9G226CMwQHgaYly2_xMiSypxsz8zZxmzKplIbS3ObTSb4uubGHIGT68zrgYpyNDDsuAejw-tpGXF48Fj49NCCwVeT6C51/s320/butt+weld+with+backing+matter.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b>When square butt welds or single ‘V’ welds cannot be welded from both sides, it is desirable to use a backing bar to ensure complete fusion.<br /><br /><b>Single ‘U’ Butt Weld :-</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsZuwH_biz0sLTyF4-4jqfbJgX9aQX3PMRj5drMKxUMyU_9bfBmnowrWm3XPwsMmV0qP17CcSK5uN-szQKZdKU2gQbD4tz91GS4mFC7aL6esKkUHsQvnvRKAoZWzMbdhnowLRLUDUO3ua/s779/single+u+butt+weld.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="779" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsZuwH_biz0sLTyF4-4jqfbJgX9aQX3PMRj5drMKxUMyU_9bfBmnowrWm3XPwsMmV0qP17CcSK5uN-szQKZdKU2gQbD4tz91GS4mFC7aL6esKkUHsQvnvRKAoZWzMbdhnowLRLUDUO3ua/s320/single+u+butt+weld.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b>Used on thick plates as an alternative to a single ‘V’ preparation. It has advantages in speed of welding. It takes less weld metal than a single ‘V’, there is less contraction and there is, therefore, a lessened tendency to distortion. Preparation is more expensive than in the case of a ‘V’, as machining is required. This type of joint is most suitable for material over 40 mm in thickness.<br /><br /><b>Double ‘U’ Butt Weld :-</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm0PZj7iS_i6dYmrbibNV2fI04eWtp5urjEw-d5kC_6yKfXA0aIjLT__9fRbcu8_VtdqVDIc7r1IQgsF_i_SQ_B9QgOSAEqmYa7GPDE_FJFlVsYTqrwfbvyymUxYPnx5Ne10DzlVH-OWdO/s774/double+u+butt+weld.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="774" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm0PZj7iS_i6dYmrbibNV2fI04eWtp5urjEw-d5kC_6yKfXA0aIjLT__9fRbcu8_VtdqVDIc7r1IQgsF_i_SQ_B9QgOSAEqmYa7GPDE_FJFlVsYTqrwfbvyymUxYPnx5Ne10DzlVH-OWdO/s320/double+u+butt+weld.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b>For use on thick plate that is accessible for welding from both sides. For a given thickness it is faster, needs less weld metal and causes less distortion than a single ‘U’ preparation.<br /><br /><b>Horizontal Butt Weld :-</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEYA9yy8ExkCpyMIS5n9WDK4KIv_nAfu5FLjC_9jEW9NOEnwlMHH0JZOxWAuMa_HWbC05HLE9c5MQ1yQLNcjnld3alQIWtyZXPT_3qW3Zewuteg8lCYW9yEc94KJ0CkPomyrvxhtUhTaJo/s507/horizantal+butt+weld.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="459" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEYA9yy8ExkCpyMIS5n9WDK4KIv_nAfu5FLjC_9jEW9NOEnwlMHH0JZOxWAuMa_HWbC05HLE9c5MQ1yQLNcjnld3alQIWtyZXPT_3qW3Zewuteg8lCYW9yEc94KJ0CkPomyrvxhtUhTaJo/s320/horizantal+butt+weld.JPG" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b>The lower member in this case is bevelled to approximately 15° and the upper member 45°, making an included angle of 60°. This preparation provides a ledge on the lower member, which tends to retain the molten metal.</span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></div><b><span style="font-size: large;">General Notes on Butt Welds :- </span></b><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">The first run in a prepared butt weld should be deposited with an electrode not larger than 4.0 mm. The angle of the electrode for the various runs in a butt weld is shown below.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">It is necessary to maintain the root gap by tacking at intervals or by other means, as it will tend to close during welding.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">All single ‘V’, single ‘U’ and square butt welds should have a backing run deposited on the underside of the joint, otherwise 50% may be deducted from the permissible working stress of the joint.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Before proceeding with a run on the underside of a weld, it is necessary to back-gouge or grind that side of the joint.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Butt welds should be overfilled to a certain extent by building up the weld until it is above the surface of the plate. Excessive reinforcement, however, should be avoided.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">In multi-run butt welds, it is necessary to remove all slag and surplus weld metal before a start is made on additional runs. This is particularly important with the first run, which tends to form sharp corners that cannot be penetrated with subsequent runs. Electrodes larger than 4.0 mm are not generally used for vertical or overhead butt welds.</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Butt welds provide several advantages, including:-</b><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">High strength with complete fusion</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Easy to machine</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Distortion control</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Easy to inspect</span></li></ul></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Disadvantages :-</b><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">There are some disadvantages such as:</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Welding geometry can limit applications</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Fixturing or backing may be required</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Sensitive to faying surface conditions</span></li></ul></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-27285810742170312242020-12-01T01:01:00.004-08:002022-08-23T22:50:55.184-07:00What Basics Should a Mechanical Engineer Know?<br /><span style="font-size: large;"> Mechanical engineering deals with anything that moves, including the human body, a very complex machine. Mechanical engineers learn about materials, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, control, instrumentation, design, and manufacturing to understand mechanical systems.<br /><br />The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery.</span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Here in these Article we are Providing some of the Basic's For mauls which are most important to know for every Mechanical Engineer's .Download all basic in PDF File with the help of below given Download Link.</span></b></div><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<div style="background-color: white; cursor: auto; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; user-select: text !important;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; cursor: auto; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; user-select: text !important;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; cursor: auto; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; user-select: text !important;">
<span style="font-size: large;">First of all pi (π)=3.1415926535 ...</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Perimeter formula </span></b></div>
<table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Square</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">4 × side</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rectangle</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">2 × (length + width)</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Parallelogram</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">2 × (side1 + side2)</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Triangle</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">side1 + side2 + side3</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Regular n-polygon</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">n × side</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Trapezoid</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">height × (base1 + base2) / 2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Trapezoid</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">base1 + base2 + height × [csc(theta1) + csc(theta2)]</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Circle</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">2 × pi × radius</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ellipse</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">4 × radius1 × E(k,pi/2)<br />E(k,pi/2) is the Complete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind<br />k = (1/radius1) × sqrt(radius1<sup>2</sup> - radius2<sup>2</sup>)<br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Area formula</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Square</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">side<sup>2</sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rectangle</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">length × width</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Parallelogram</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">base × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Triangle</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">base × height / 2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Regular n-polygon</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">(1/4) × n × side<sup>2</sup> × cot(pi/n)</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Trapezoid</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">height × (base1 + base2) / 2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Circle</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">pi × radius<sup>2</sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ellipse</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">pi × radius1 × radius2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cube (surface)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">6 × side<sup>2</sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sphere (surface)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">4 × pi × radius<sup>2</sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cylinder (surface of side)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">perimeter of circle × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">2 × pi × radius × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cylinder (whole surface)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Areas of top and bottom circles + Area of the side</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">2(pi × radius<sup>2</sup>) + 2 × pi × radius × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cone (surface)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">pi × radius × side</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Torus (surface)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">pi<sup>2</sup> × (radius2<sup>2</sup> - radius1<sup>2</sup>)<br /><br /><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Volume formula</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cube</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">side<sup>3</sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rectangular Prism</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">side1 × side2 × side3</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sphere</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">(4/3) × pi × radius<sup>3</sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ellipsoid</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">(4/3) × pi × radius1 × radius2 × radius3</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cylinder</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">pi × radius<sup>2</sup> × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cone</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">(1/3) × pi × radius<sup>2</sup> × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pyramid</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">(1/3) × (base area) × height</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">Torus</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: large;">(1/4) × pi<sup>2</sup> × (r1 + r2) × (r1 - r2)<sup>2<br /><br /></sup></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">Source: Spiegel, Murray R. Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables. Schaum's Outline series in Mathematics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968.</span>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-89163548510301899562020-04-30T18:11:00.001-07:002022-08-23T22:55:55.298-07:00What is Alloying of Steel and Properties ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />Steel is among the most popular materials used in the construction industry.Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low alloy steels and high alloy steels. The difference between the two is disputed. Smith and Hashemi define the difference at 4.0%, while Degarmo, et al., define it at 8.0%. Most commonly, the phrase "alloy steel" refers to low-alloy steels.<br /><br />The following list identifies the known effects of adding certain elements, in known quantities to steel:<br /><b>Aluminum (Al):- </b>Aluminum is an active deoxidizer used in producing steel. It is used to control inherent grain size.</span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Boron (B):-</b> The addition of boron improves hardenability.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Carbon (C):-</b> An increase in the carbon content of steel alloys usually produces higher ultimate strength and hardness; however, this lowers ductility and toughness. Carbon increases air-hardening tendencies and weld hardness.<br /><br /><b>Chromium (Cr):-</b> Chromium increases steel's response to heat treatment. It also increases depth of hardness penetration. Most chromium-bearing alloys contain 0.50-1.50% chromium. Stainless steels contain chromium in large quantities, 12-25%, frequently in combination with nickel, and possess increased resistance to oxidation and corrosion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Columbium (Nb):-</b> Columbium in 18-8 stainless steel has an effect similar to titanium in making the steel immune to harmful carbide precipitation and the resultant intergranular corrosion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Copper (Cu):-</b> Copper normally is added in amounts of 0.15-0.25% to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion and increase tensile and yield strength with only a slight loss in ductility. Higher-strength properties can be obtained by precipitation hardening copper-bearing steel. Iron (Fe). Iron contains other elements in varying quantities that produce the required mechanical properties. Iron lacks strength, but it is very ductile and soft, although it does not respond very well to heat treatment to an appreciable degree.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Lead (Pb) :-</b> Lead in steel greatly improves its machinability. When the lead is finely divided and uniformly distributed, it has no known effect on the mechanical properties of the steel in the strength levels most commonly specified. It is usually added in amounts of 0.15-0.35%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Manganese (Mn):- </b>Next in importance to carbon is manganese. It normally is present in all steel and Eunctions both as a deoxidizer and to impart strength and responsiveness to heat treatment. Manganese usually is present in quantities from 0.5 to 2'30, but certain special steels are made in the range of 10-1 5%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Molybdenum (Mo) :-</b> Molybdenum adds to the penetration of hardness and increases toughness. Molybdenum helps steel to resist softening at high temperatures and is an important means of assuring high creep strength. It generally is used in comparatively small quantities, ranging from 0.10 to 0.40%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Nickel (Ni) :-</b> Nickel increases strength and toughness but has 4%, although higher quantities are possible. Steels containing little effect on hardenability. It is added in quantities of 1 to nickel usually have more impact resistance, especially at low temperatures. Certain stainless steels employ nickel up to about 20%.<br /><br /><b>Phosphorus (Ph) :- </b>Phosphorus is present in all steel. It increases yield strength and reduces ductility at low temperatures. Phosphorus is believed to increase resistance to atmospheric corrosion.<br /></span><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Silicon (Si) :-</b> Silicon is one of the common deoxidizers used in the manufacturing of steel. It also may be present in varying quantities up to 1% in finished steel and has a beneficial effect on certain properties, such as tensile strength. It is used in special steels in the range of 1.5 to 2.5% silicon to improve the hardenability. In higher percentages, silicon is added as an alloy to produce certain electrical characteristics in the socalled silicon electrical steels and finds certain applications in some tool steels, where it seems to have a hardening and toughening effect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Sulfur (S) :-</b> Sulfur is an important element in steel, because when present in relatively large quantities, it increases machinability. The amount generally used for this purpose is from 0.06 to 0.30%. Sulfur is detrimental to the hot forming properties.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Titanium (Ti) :-</b> Titanium is added to 18-8 stainless steels to make them immune to harmful carbide precipitation. It sometimes is added to low-carbon sheets to make them more suitable for porcelain enameling.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Tungsten (W) :-</b> Tungsten is used as an alloying element in tool steel and tends to produce a fine, dense grain, when used in relatively small quantities. In larger quantities of between 17 and 20% and in combination with other alloys, it produces a high-speed steel that retains its hardness at the high temperatures developed in high-speed cutting. It usually is used in combination with chrome or other alloying elements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Vanadium (V) :- </b> Vanadium steels have a much finer grain structure than steels of a similar composition without vanadium, which gives additional strength and toughness.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-66275477995249274722020-04-30T05:04:00.001-07:002022-09-09T03:39:48.645-07:00What is Mean by Power Train of Automobile ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMBV-TEP8y3wJq1qhzFZ_a3PVnYKiMn3jYCdfax6asm_FKnU-DbX145fqCJ96EQPdEsUwmkz6nk6Q0C69RwNe0i3PPF39fFh120J8o0wQo0hQJ68OxeVTZtTaNEKf2HfomS4l6r_p0o8/s1600/dfg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="656" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMBV-TEP8y3wJq1qhzFZ_a3PVnYKiMn3jYCdfax6asm_FKnU-DbX145fqCJ96EQPdEsUwmkz6nk6Q0C69RwNe0i3PPF39fFh120J8o0wQo0hQJ68OxeVTZtTaNEKf2HfomS4l6r_p0o8/s640/dfg.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If the chassis is the skeleton, the powertrain is the musculature system. The powertrain encompasses every component that converts the engine’s power into movement.It consists of various groupings of engine, clutch, gearbox ,transmission, the driveshaft, differentials, axles; basically anything from the engine through to the rotating wheels.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Powertrain management is a function of the electronic control module (ECM). Depending on the car, the ECM may also be called the powertrain control module (PCM). The ECM or PCM gets inputs from sensors and sends outputs via other sensors.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The basic power flow, meaning the way in which energy is passed through the system, is as follows:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">As fuel and air mixture is ignited above the pistons, they push on connecting rods which are on cranks, just like a cyclists legs driving pedals.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This makes the crankshaft rotate. Power is passed through the clutch and then through a gearbox. The output of the gearbox is linked to the final drive. This then applies the power to the front wheels through drive shafts. These shafts have joints so they can move with the steering and suspension.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The most recent developments in powertrain are driven by the electrification of it in multiple components. Electrical energy needs to be provided, usually this leads to larger batteries. Electric motors can be found as isolated component or as part of other elements, e.g. the axle. In hybrid powertrains the torque generated by the combustion engine and the electric motor have to be brought together and distributed to the wheels. The control of this process can be quite involved but the rewards are greatly improved acceleration and much lower emissions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Powertrain development for diesel engines involves the following: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and advanced combustion. Spark ignition engine development include: fuel injection, including the gasoline direct injection variant, as well as improving volumetric efficiency by using multi-valves per cylinder, variable valve timing, variable length intake manifolds, and turbocharging. Changes also include new fuel qualities (no sulphur or aromates) to allow new combustion concepts. So-called "combined combustion systems" (CCV) or "diesotto" cycles are based on synthetic fuels (synthetic diesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL)).</span><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-54321294041285950942019-08-08T00:22:00.001-07:002022-09-09T03:39:57.188-07:00What is an RTU HVAC System? How Does It Works ?<span style="font-size: large;"><br />If you’re planning to adding or replacing heating and air conditioning equipment in a commercial space, your contractor may recommend an RTU HVAC unit.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">What exactly is an RTU? </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It stands for “roof top unit.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A rooftop unit, like the name implies, is a packaged unit installed on the roof.These packaged units contain all air conditioning components, including:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Evaporator coil</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Fan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Compressor</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Condenser</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">People are accustomed to seeing rows of air conditioner cabinets along the top of office and retail buildings. Some commercial buildings still use “split” systems that are similar to the ones seen in residential housing, while restaurants and bars often use ductless heat pumps that send conditioned air wall-mounted blowers that are connected to an outdoor condenser. But the rooftop unit, because of its space saving quality and ease of service, continues to be the most popular for business use.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">They also can be slab-mounted on the ground and have heating capabilities, depending on the particular model. Unlike split systems commonly used in residential properties, packaged units don’t separate the evaporator coil and fan from the compressor and condenser.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Types Rooftop Package Units :-</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Typical System Types: </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Package “cooling/only” units </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Package “gas/electric” units </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Package heat pumps </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /><br /><b><br />How Does a Rooftop Unit Work?<br />Getting the Heat Out :-</b> Once a rooftop AC unit is installed, cool, low-pressure refrigerant arrives at the compressor as a gas and then compresses into a hot, high-pressure gas as it flows into the condenser coil. There, the metal fins on the coil absorb and disperse the heat, and the condenser fan blows the exhaust away from the building.<br /><br />As warm return air travels through the ductwork into the rooftop unit, fresh air enters as well for ventilation. Positioned over the return air duct are air filters to prevent contaminants from landing on the sensitive cooling equipment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>The Refrigerant Cycle :-</b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Now that you understand how a packaged unit gets the heat out, below we’ve listed the steps in the refrigerant cycle:</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The now-cooled liquid refrigerant passes through the evaporator coil.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">As the pressure drops, the liquid converts back to a gas.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">As warm air from the building passes over the evaporator coil, the refrigerant extracts heat from the air.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The evaporator fan returns the ice-cold air back into the building.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The warmed refrigerant (having absorbed the heat) circulates back to the compressor to release its heat through the exhaust system.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">And the cycle repeats again and again until your building’s temperature reaches the thermostat setting.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Rooftop Units That Can Heat :-</b><br />Rooftop units that also provide heating often contain a gas heat exchanger downstream from the evaporator fan. In heating mode, return air is discharged into the heater and blows over gas-fired coils. A fan then sends newly heated supply air back into the building.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Advantages and Disadvantages of RTU HVAC System :-</span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-59364747085616782922019-08-07T00:51:00.003-07:002022-09-09T03:40:10.377-07:0034 Basics Concepts That Every Fresher HVAC Engineer Should Know <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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1. What is Meant By Air Conditioner ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> A system or an assembly comprised of certain system components which are designed for the control of air temperature, relative humidity and air flow in a living or working space. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">2. What is Air Cooled System ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;">A type of air conditioning system that uses air as a condensing medium and R-22 or R-410A as a refrigerant. In most air cooled systems, the condenser is located outside and the refrigerant is piped to it from the indoor unit. In air conditioning, the heat from the indoor space is transferred to the outside air. In a heat pump, the heat is drawn from the outdoor air and is used to heat the indoor air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>3. What is an Air Handling Unit (or Air Handler) ?</b><br />The portion of the central air conditioning system that moves heated or cooled air throughout a home’s ducts, though it does not include the ductwork. Typically it is located inside and includes a blower, dampers and other equipment in direct contact with air flow.</span><div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">4. What is Blower ? </span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;">A piece of equipment designed to move air through a system. Usually refers to the air handling unit or air handler.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">5.What is the purpose of Coil (Indoor Coil) in refrigeration systems ?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Equipment that enables heat transfer to and from the refrigerant and the air when installed inside an air handling unit. The indoor coil
often features two rectangular coil surfaces connected at the top and open at the bottom. From the side, this configuration looks like
the letter “A.” </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">6.What is Compressor ? </span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answers :- </b>The ‘pump’ that circulates vapor refrigerant throughout the system from the indoor evaporator to the outdoor condenser and back.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">7. What is the use of Condenser Coil ? </span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> A series of tubes filled with gas (vapor) refrigerant that carries heat from the home and removes it outdoors allowing the refrigerant to condense or liquefy and start the process again.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">8.What is the use of Condensing Unit ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> A device that condenses a substance from a gaseous to a liquid state, typically by cooling it. In the process the latent heat is given up by the substance and will transfer to the condenser coolant.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">9.What is Duct ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> Any pipe or closed chamber, usually made of sheet metal or fiberglass, that is used for housing and conducting air flow from an air handling unit to the conditioned space.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">10. What is an Ductless Mini-Split AC ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :- </b> A type of air conditioning system that does not use ducts to transfer cool air and instead the outdoor condenser unit is connected directly to an interior air handler. Because of this direct connection, generally only one room or space can be cooled at a time making ductless mini-splits a viable option for room additions or add-ons, but potentially troublesome for whole-home solutions.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">11. What is Duel Fuel System ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> A heating solution that combines a furnace and a heat pump to provide an economical way to heat a home. A heat pump is activated for moderate heating needs and a furnace is switched on when higher levels of heat are needed. This system helps maximize the energy efficiency of each unit.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">12.What is EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) ?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> A ratio to determine the energy efficiency of an air conditioner. The higher the EER rating, the more efficient the unit. EER ratings are
generally lower than SEER ratings because SEER ratings are seasonally adjusted while EER ratings are calculated against a fixed ambient
temperature. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">13. What is Efficiency ?</span></b><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Answer :-</b> A measure of how much energy is used to accomplish a cycle, measured by Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER). The higher the rating, the more efficient a system is and the lower your energy consumption will be.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>14.What are Evaporator Coils ?<br />Answer :- </b> A series of tubes filled with liquid refrigerant that absorb heat from the air as the liquid refrigerant is ‘evaporated’ into vapor. </span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>15.What is meant by Fresh Air Intake ?<br />Answer :-</b> An opening through which outdoor air is drawn into a system.</span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>16. What is Furnace ?<br />Answer :-</b> The component in an HVAC system that adds heat to air by burning fuel in a heat exchanger.</span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>17.What is Heat Pump ?<br />Answer :-</b> An air conditioner that has a reversing valve allowing it to alternate between heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. <br /><br /><br /><b>18. HSPF Stands For ?<br />Answer :-</b> An industry term that stands for Heating Seasonal Performance Factor. It is a measure of efficiency for air source heat pumps. A higher number represents higher efficiency. <br /><br /><b><br /></b></span><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>19. HVAC Stands For ?<br />Answer :- </b> A term that stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. </span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>20. What is Humidity ?<br />Answer :-</b> A measure of the amount of moisture in the air.</span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>21. What is meant by Load Calculation ?<br />Answer :-</b> A measure to determine heat gain and loss within a structure so that properly sized HVAC equipment can be installed.<br /><br /><br /><b>22. What is Payback Analysis ?<br />Answer :-</b> A measure of the value of your system that determines the number of months required before monthly energy cost savings offset the purchase price.<br /><br /><br /><b>23. What is Refrigerant ?<br />Answer :-</b> A chemical, usually a vapor, which can be used in a mechanical system to produce a cooling heat transfer effect while changing the pressure of the refrigerant. Many air conditioning and refrigeration systems use refrigerants which change from vapor (gas) to liquid and back to a vapor during the heating and cooling process. <br /><br /><br /><b>24.What is Refrigerant R-22 ?<br />Answer :-</b> An HCFC (hydro chlorofluorocarbon) refrigerant, widely known as Freon®, used primarily in residential air conditioning systems. It is being phased out for its higher global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depleting properties.<br /><br /><br /><b>25. What is Refrigerant R-410A ?<br />Answer :-</b> A non-ozone depleting refrigerant that has replaced R-22 as the preferred refrigerant of choice in the U.S., Japan and Europe. R-410A performs at a higher pressure than R-22 and requires the use of different equipment than with R-22.<br /><br /><br /><b>26. What is the meaning of Register in HVAC world ?<br />Answer :- </b> A grille and damper assembly that covers the opening or end of an air duct.<br /><br /><br />
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<b>27.What is Relative Humidity ?<br />Answer :- </b>The ratio of the amount of moisture in the air compared to the amount of moisture the air could hold at the current temperature, expressed as a percentage. <br /><br /><br /><b>28.What is Return Air ?<br />Answer :-</b> The air drawn into the heating unit after having been circulated through a room.<br /><br /><br /><b>29. What is Room Air Conditioner (Window Unit) ?<br />Answer :-</b> Standalone air conditioning unit that cools only where needed, usually installed in a window space. Generally less efficient than central air conditioning, but less expensive to operate.<br /><br /><br /><b>30.What is SEER ?<br />Answer :-</b> A rating that expresses the efficiency of air conditioning equipment throughout an entire average cooling season, including both the hottest and coolest days. It stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. The higher the SEER rating, the more efficient the system.<br /><br /><br /><b>31.What is Split System ?<br />Answer :-</b> The most common type of residential system, it consists of two main components – a compressor and condensing unit installed outdoors, and an air-handler installed indoors. <br /><br /><br /><b>32.Why do we call as HVAC System ?<br />Answer :-</b> System A general term that refers to the set of components that perform an HVAC function.<br /><br /><br /><b>33.What is Tonnage ?<br />Answer :-</b> A unit of measure used to describe the cooling capacity of an air conditioning system. One ton of cooling is the amount of heat needed to melt a one-ton block of ice in a 24-hour period.<br /><br /><br /><b>34. What is Zoning ?<br />Answer :-</b> A method of providing independent heating or cooling to different areas or rooms within a building or home, typically controlled by separate controls or by opening or closing the vents and ducts in each zone.</span></div>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-77023940591897364992019-07-29T00:11:00.000-07:002022-09-09T03:40:21.577-07:00Why does a Piece of a Spark Plug work So Well at Breaking Car Glass?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg9MNldqtyNdrp2CmxWTaYRGE30-cDTx7lRqr1DgKYssryOveaDP_WxWwtsKwUwt0OKsENFOoslaOhhXsppNuIhjxJFeCrIiV1FeJ-vjwnMBkZsJYqRzBHlmzSw3gdr2ifub21qBJKIbQ/s1600/5j45j45j-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="800" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg9MNldqtyNdrp2CmxWTaYRGE30-cDTx7lRqr1DgKYssryOveaDP_WxWwtsKwUwt0OKsENFOoslaOhhXsppNuIhjxJFeCrIiV1FeJ-vjwnMBkZsJYqRzBHlmzSw3gdr2ifub21qBJKIbQ/s640/5j45j45j-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A broken ceramic piece from a spark plug can easily break a car window. Why does it work so well when it weighs so little and is thrown at a slow speed?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /><b>" First of all lets talk about the glass on the car "</b><br /><br />Tempered glass, which is used for the side windows of most vehicles, is manufactured with an extremely high surface compressive stress and high internal tensile stress, giving it strength and durability, but also leading it to abruptly shatter into thousands of tiny pieces when it breaks. <br /><br />Why does it do this? Well let's understand the processing. This glass is cooled rapidly from liquid to solid. Glass that cools more quickly ultimately ends up at a lower density, hence a higher volume compared to glass that cools slowly. <a href="http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/tg.jpg">graph</a> Well guess what, there is a thermal gradient in a pane of glass as it cools. Meaning the outside rapidly cools and the inside does not. This puts the outside of the glass in compression and in the inside in tension. This acts as a crack inhibition method, meaning that the stress necessary to propagate the crack must first overcome the compressive stress on the outside (since glass will fail in tension well before compression). So what do we get? A glass that is ultimately very strong, but has a massive amount of stored internal energy through the tempering process.<br />
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<br />When we use something small and hard to act as a stress concentrator. This can amplify the force applied and help penetrate this region. So in the case of the Spark plugs are made of aluminum oxide ceramic, which is exceptionally hard. The impact of the shard against the glass creates a tiny structural failing, which rapidly spreads the tension through the rest of the screen, causing it to break. Although effective, spark plug fragments will not work all the time. Spark plug fragments may not break glass if they are not sharp enough or thrown with too little force. Spark plug porcelain shards are also less effective on windshields because these come with a special laminate feature that reinforces their resistance to impact. That is also why you can buy punches (firefighters and other emergency responders also carry these) that are essentially hardened steel or diamond tipped and do the same thing.</span><div>
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<img height="425" src="https://2rdrtx4bt29lo91s31mjhkji-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/018-car-scavanging-spark-plug-ceramic.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In some states, broken shards of spark plugs are considered a weapon. This is because they are sometimes used by burglars to break into vehicles. In the state of California, carrying spark plug chips or pieces is considered a misdemeanor. Individuals caught carrying spark plug chips run the risk of paying a potential $1,000 fine or receiving a 6 month jail term.<br /><br />Hardness of the glass compared to to impact material is definitely relevant since this interaction is very similar to a hardness test (Rockwell, Vickers, Knoop, etc. Indent tests). The material needs to be harder, or at least close to the same hardness as the glass. I highly discourage people from using the Mohs scale to get actual numbers.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-13429100279894073052019-07-23T23:34:00.001-07:002022-09-09T03:40:33.788-07:00DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOVERNOR AND FLYWHEEL CLEARLY EXPLAINED !!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuX5NOi-eGxuZYpW59jTVrTdMTOSzLuP5PLy4dVE399PRJHNw_AmA_1G43CTXsVL_4WRGWZ8GaFDDjUqDkmSAhfKNq1QxcMlyxua1sktBK29JqUSfDjbetS4G3s0JTiDUf8pwCp5vYzQY/s1600/s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="933" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuX5NOi-eGxuZYpW59jTVrTdMTOSzLuP5PLy4dVE399PRJHNw_AmA_1G43CTXsVL_4WRGWZ8GaFDDjUqDkmSAhfKNq1QxcMlyxua1sktBK29JqUSfDjbetS4G3s0JTiDUf8pwCp5vYzQY/s640/s.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To regulate the fluctuations in speed of a vehicle we use a mechanical devices called Flywheel and Governors.These two components serves almost the same purpose i.e Speed Regulation/Control , but with the difference in the point of impact or area of impact.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">While a flywheel regulates the variation of speed at crankshaft, governor controls the variation of speed caused by load variation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The main difference between the two is that the flywheel is always under operation when the engine is running and the operation is continuous from cycle to cycle, whereas the operation is intermittent in case of the governor, which means it only operates when the engine does not run at its mean speed.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Well, both tend to stabilize speed during fluctuations, so the difference seems to lie mainly in the working. Lets take good look at the two.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Let us first start by knowing what is Flywheel ?</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCvOkSsCJDFoN5AzLMRu4JuPVVcaAeoMaBG8R5wj2LPGCToAnFIAW9PZny6S4Uqe1HSSVH_ZChxLe6FKUCp131So1Ps2qldsueQz2H5NAiZpjJkgcT4YHF2XL1iLoFM1p3BLM37Y2hEfg/s1600/Gen3-Hilux-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCvOkSsCJDFoN5AzLMRu4JuPVVcaAeoMaBG8R5wj2LPGCToAnFIAW9PZny6S4Uqe1HSSVH_ZChxLe6FKUCp131So1Ps2qldsueQz2H5NAiZpjJkgcT4YHF2XL1iLoFM1p3BLM37Y2hEfg/s320/Gen3-Hilux-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to store rotational energy.Which is mounted on the crank shaft. Its function is to prevent the fluctuation of engine. It also prevents the jerks to the crankshaft.<br />Basically, its acts as a reservoir, meaning it stores energy when the supply of the energy is more than that is required for the operation and releases the same when the supply is less than the requirement.<br />In simple terms, a flywheel stores the excess of rotational energy for intermittent use. It provides continuous energy when the energy source is discontinuous. In automobile engines, it stores energy to help the engine over idle strokes of the piston. It’s often called as a flex plate when connected to automatic transmission.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">What is Governors ?</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69yKYOgktiyrp_iHhHVJlVIXu-bwHnEo0GKKEFTIwtctrSr18Uh0UjAzV35PezFqunzlQwYDLFQXbv5c_wc2-Hw8VrzmVzQf8XW7ZOqLSpu9k0BqikVtsoHbxPXlqtm88fd1XkMy6ANU/s1600/Dunbar+Governor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1024" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69yKYOgktiyrp_iHhHVJlVIXu-bwHnEo0GKKEFTIwtctrSr18Uh0UjAzV35PezFqunzlQwYDLFQXbv5c_wc2-Hw8VrzmVzQf8XW7ZOqLSpu9k0BqikVtsoHbxPXlqtm88fd1XkMy6ANU/s320/Dunbar+Governor.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Governor is a mechanical device which is used to regulate the mean speed of the engine, when there are variations in the load.During increase in load, RPM of the engine decreases and it leads to slowing of engine.Now in this case Governor in order to maintain the speed, increase fuel supply to engine, so that speed can be attained to the desired value.But when load on engine increase, then it tends speed up and in this case Governor reduces the supply of fuel to maintain the desired RPM.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>There are many types of methods for Governing of I.C Engines, yet few are important types:</b></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Hit and miss Governing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Qualitative Governing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Quantitative Governing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Combination system of Governing.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="font-size: large;">The governor changes the configuration when the load on the engine varies and controls the supply of the fuel accordingly. Unlike a flywheel, it can regulate speed but is unable to store and supply energy when required. It’s used in most engine-powered applications such as tractors, lawn mowers, automobiles, etc. It acts as a cruise control mechanism which keeps the engine running at a specified speed limit of your choosing, regardless of variations in the load. It detects changes in the load and adjusts the throttle accordingly.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The main differences are listed below :-</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Summary of Flywheel vs. Governor :-</b><br />While the function of a flywheel is to regulate the fluctuations of speed during each cycle, the function of a governor is to keep the mean speed of the engine constant throughout the entire cycle. Flywheel stores rotational energy when the mechanical energy supplied is more than that’s required for operation, whereas a governor regulates the fuel supply according to the varying load conditions. While hypothetically both serve the same purpose, that is speed control, they do it very differently. The main difference in fact lies in the point of impact. This article compares the two on various aspects.</span><script src="chrome-extension://lmnganadkecefnhncokdlaohlkneihio/enable.js"></script></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-64464106931993909242019-04-13T04:34:00.004-07:002022-09-09T03:40:51.560-07:00Type Of Valves Used In Piping <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">In piping below described valves plays an important role according to depending on the requirements.Basically Valves are devices used to control the flow of a fluid stream.There are different kinds of valves used in plants based on the needs.The cost of Valve in the piping system is up to 20 to 30% of the overall piping cost.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Generally, Valves can be grouped into two main types:-</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Shut off valves:-</b> They are ON/OFF valves either allow full flow or shut off completely. Shut off valves can be operated by hand or automatically. They are not used for controlling the flow.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">eg: Gate valves</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Control valves:-</b> These valves act as the correcting element of a control loop. Control valves are normally operated automatically, there are also hand operated valves.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There are many types control valves For eg: Globe valves, Butterfly valves, Ball and Plug valves, Pinch valves, Needle valves, Check valves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now lets Study about Each Valves and its function.First of all lets start with Gate Valves </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Gate Valves</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSdcUIE2exG32322jXlnjJqh-4xvhlWjNGELqtv5KD6R43s_KkjIh6dpRHlFqIqGukSvkMSIiyOo7mPVWeUKWTqcd5TsvUhkD-7cSnpxzqdjqNDZwdb2FLRt9wBFaprYLPn5d6-ncAO-s/s1600/Gate-Valve-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="785" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSdcUIE2exG32322jXlnjJqh-4xvhlWjNGELqtv5KD6R43s_KkjIh6dpRHlFqIqGukSvkMSIiyOo7mPVWeUKWTqcd5TsvUhkD-7cSnpxzqdjqNDZwdb2FLRt9wBFaprYLPn5d6-ncAO-s/s320/Gate-Valve-01.jpg" width="255" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">Gate valves are also referred shut off valves. Because there are only two positions for the on/off, simple blocking system. In gate valves, the closing member is a metal gate. The gate slides down to close the valve. In fully open conditions, the flow area is equal to the area of the pipe and hence, there is negligible pressure drop across the valve. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Basically these valves find their use in petrochemical industry due to the fact that they can work with metal-metal sealing.They are used in clean flows. When the valve is fully opened, the free valve area coincides with area of the pipe, therefore the head lose of the valve is small.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This valve is not recommended to regulate or throttling service since the closure member could be eroded. Partially opened the valve can vibrate.Also, during closing and opening, there is considerable amount of friction and hence, opening and closing these vales quickly and frequently is not possible.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ball Valves </span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The ball valve has a spherical plug as a closure member. Seal on ball valves is excellent, the ball contact circumferentially uniform the seat, which is usually made of soft materials.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKmLeMeMtghLQJKjEAXM3MuwuGVOBgEXYXmvTquttrC_iRgaYTAqw2rNWYwknhyl4-RdHxGQLyPXZt6qEpaOquM2gsz4cUFaPA3w3V7hJFbkS1e2aTqCcwcf-5FExfI0GQmI9cGkusi9E/s1600/ball.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1180" data-original-width="1528" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKmLeMeMtghLQJKjEAXM3MuwuGVOBgEXYXmvTquttrC_iRgaYTAqw2rNWYwknhyl4-RdHxGQLyPXZt6qEpaOquM2gsz4cUFaPA3w3V7hJFbkS1e2aTqCcwcf-5FExfI0GQmI9cGkusi9E/s320/ball.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">Ball valves are mostly used in shutoff applications. They are not recommended to be used in a partially open position for a long time under conditions of a high pressure drop across the valve, thus the soft seat could tend to flow through the orifice and block the valve movement.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Depending on the type of body the ball valve can be more or less easily maintained. Drop pressure relative its hole size is low.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The seat material resistance of the ball valve limits the working temperature and pressure of the valve. The seat is plastic or metal made.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">They are used in steam, water, oil, gas, air, corrosive fluids, and can also handle slurries and dusty dry fluids. Abrasive and fibrous materials can damage the seats and the ball surface.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Plug Valve</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqCeBfT0Nhm7HZ02oCmu9z9XulUZ-nidK2a_YpgJlT5JOeOlJ2Bgx9abGCSd5M-TzZYsA9HJwrMTbObZuwlEDomyYUETyh65zqpuKdloz83aDvbet2fetrDS94hXGW8-vq_AuxhBXUtPM/s1600/s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="1024" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqCeBfT0Nhm7HZ02oCmu9z9XulUZ-nidK2a_YpgJlT5JOeOlJ2Bgx9abGCSd5M-TzZYsA9HJwrMTbObZuwlEDomyYUETyh65zqpuKdloz83aDvbet2fetrDS94hXGW8-vq_AuxhBXUtPM/s320/s.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">The basic construction to ball valves, plug valves are also quarter turn type of valves. This valve consists of a plug which can be either cylindrical or conical in shape. The plug has a through slit which remains in-line with the flow in the open condition. When the plug is turned by 90 Deg., this slit becomes perpendicular to flow and the valve gets closed. Plug valves are well suited to handle fluids with suspended solids, slurries etc. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Plug valves are used in On/Off services and flow diverting, as they can be multiport configurated. When used for throttling purpose, the pressure drop through the valve is higher because of misalignment between flow direction and the direction of the opening (slit).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly Valves</span></b></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQctsRoXGFZ3Z_63qOPusDcC9Tz1fH-6NY5fUAoak0H9FszioL02azbbPR4gG35YS8qUB1m9Q9EvCzYCb3fpBuR4_SGweDK7CQbQ1mt8eYFn-xz5johEhbzM7BuA0Ukj4zZ-4v6jxHQzI/s1600/62.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1070" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQctsRoXGFZ3Z_63qOPusDcC9Tz1fH-6NY5fUAoak0H9FszioL02azbbPR4gG35YS8qUB1m9Q9EvCzYCb3fpBuR4_SGweDK7CQbQ1mt8eYFn-xz5johEhbzM7BuA0Ukj4zZ-4v6jxHQzI/s320/62.jpg" width="214" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">In contrast to ball and plug valves, butterfly valves use a disc shaped obstructer. Basic, general duty butterfly valves are called "resilient seated". They have a single seal ring that acts a a seal between the valve body and disc, as well as the seal between the pipe flanges and valve body. When the disc is perpendicular to the direction of flow, the flow is stopped. When rotated 90˚ the flow goes through the valve by traveling around the slim profile of the disc.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly valves are commonly used on larger pipe sizes where a ball or plug valve would get very large, expensive, and heavy. Butterfly valves also function rather well as a flow control valve or an on/off valve. If a manual actuator is used in a flow control application, it must lock into place, so that the force of the fluid does not rotate the disc in either direction. Most manual butterfly valves do incorporate this feature.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Globe Valve</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihSRO97AppcSFUz6wo4bIaovVEwB619qgY5-4WpZK4C5yfa2bD7YgzeoZkB3arINmbPoLMyY9k4L5HAMmBPbtI0HidZabbhvZch-OiSAEZ408A0k_rp-yYJV_0H2LH-v1h0K1PQWW_gZQ/s1600/dsdf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="934" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihSRO97AppcSFUz6wo4bIaovVEwB619qgY5-4WpZK4C5yfa2bD7YgzeoZkB3arINmbPoLMyY9k4L5HAMmBPbtI0HidZabbhvZch-OiSAEZ408A0k_rp-yYJV_0H2LH-v1h0K1PQWW_gZQ/s320/dsdf.jpg" width="186" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">Globe valve is a linear motion type of valves and is typically used in both on-off and throttling applications. In globe valves, the flow of the fluid through valve follows an S-path. Due to this, the flow direction changes twice which results in higher pressure drops. Due to other advantages offered by them, they are widely used in applications where pressure drop through the valve is not a controlling factor.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">These valves are generally not used beyond sizes larger than NPS 12 (DN 300) as enormous forces are exerted on the stem to open or close the valve under fluid pressures. Globe valves require high pressures on the seat to keep it closed when the fluid exerts pressure from the bottom of the disc. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">They are used for both on-off and throttling applications but special types of trims are required for throttling applications where large pressure drops are involved. These valves can be used in three configurations, depending upon the applications-</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Tee pattern</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Angle Pattern </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Wye Pattern </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When the disc is removed from the stem and allowed to rest on its own weight, globe valves can be used as non-return valves. Machining of seats is easier and cheaper compared to other types of valves. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Pinch Valve</span></b></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFgFWvbHct2IuUBn_MjhDqL1RxX25OIfkiAObz6_pMr6LfAljN8OjUaYOuTbyby9-i2_mlme869vsyAj4wV8rQu5YbSlbiDh8TQp_ow_7oqImKAMbkHSi7u7CUcMRZvQ0-rO1QvuaBBN0/s1600/dsdf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="448" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFgFWvbHct2IuUBn_MjhDqL1RxX25OIfkiAObz6_pMr6LfAljN8OjUaYOuTbyby9-i2_mlme869vsyAj4wV8rQu5YbSlbiDh8TQp_ow_7oqImKAMbkHSi7u7CUcMRZvQ0-rO1QvuaBBN0/s200/dsdf.jpg" width="114" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">The pinch valve is also known as clamp valve. It is a linear motion valve. Used to start, regulate, and stop fluid flow. It uses a rubber tube, also known as a pinch tube and a pinch mechanism to control the fluid. Pinch Valve is ideally suited for the handling of slurries, liquids with large amounts of suspended solids, and systems that convey solid material pneumatically.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Generally, pinch valves are suitable for low pressure applications. When used with abrasive slurries, they should be used as on-off valves; if used for throttling purposes, the sleeve will get worn out. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Needle valve</span></b></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDh_5pDhhV4pY7UoTSNOe8P0bfro6ze6hZIOk0uPOfWRh9f0EY3GHhxcY-gwrg6rcXc3X4e0zR-C2j4S_-fcEvIuCmHMd-2-S-56MQBs7VnCDtRk_jNaQyNSb8O-UDs5MvIXG4t1_yCSs/s1600/sfgd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1488" data-original-width="1008" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDh_5pDhhV4pY7UoTSNOe8P0bfro6ze6hZIOk0uPOfWRh9f0EY3GHhxcY-gwrg6rcXc3X4e0zR-C2j4S_-fcEvIuCmHMd-2-S-56MQBs7VnCDtRk_jNaQyNSb8O-UDs5MvIXG4t1_yCSs/s200/sfgd.jpg" width="135" /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">It is called needle valve due to the shape of the closure member. It consists on a threaded stem with a conical end.Stems with fine threaded have a slow linear movement when they turn, therefore a great number of turns are needed to have a full flow section. This makes the needle valve suitable for regulating flow, with a minimal waste and without cavitation at important differential pressures.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This valve is also placed in the bypass of the turbine inlet valve. That valve is normally butterfly or spherical type and not prepared to open against all column water pressure. The slow opening and regulated closure of the needle valve avoid cavitation and water hammer in the pipeline system.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj48JSgBuXS_G9ibhL3IXgKu4DEz1xEhHIdTiU5TEPPSad6fvoWLlrNeClR8vwzypIc2b9sDPKWGWg5tta_9CEYOp5m0wl8b1D7OiACGmdABuePZAW3SzzGmwkvHi6pcYnhlqirnjlQbLw/s1600/dsfd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1296" data-original-width="1180" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj48JSgBuXS_G9ibhL3IXgKu4DEz1xEhHIdTiU5TEPPSad6fvoWLlrNeClR8vwzypIc2b9sDPKWGWg5tta_9CEYOp5m0wl8b1D7OiACGmdABuePZAW3SzzGmwkvHi6pcYnhlqirnjlQbLw/s200/dsfd.jpg" width="181" /></span></a><b><span style="font-size: large;">Check valve</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The check valves are non-return valves. These valves alow the fluid to flow only in one direction.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Check valve will be open only when the fluid is flowing in the allowed direction. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, the pressure in the opposite direction closes the valve automatically.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A check valve will not control the flow of the fluid stream but control </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">the direction or prevents the fluid to flow in opposite direction.</span><br />
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<b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Angle Seat Valves</span></b></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNuJ1OFWwyBrTWc6G-x7q38Xaa6A8SwOR70FB-vfkvdfhyC_0OAUPqxsR98KYCcM57wQX8FgIzOOTdd-G3922Fa7J8L8w2Z51bmIwqvwJ1ZQTvJk8YSKBgdYibwKgJr7MGelr9Dg2DPy8/s1600/vzdscxzc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="352" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNuJ1OFWwyBrTWc6G-x7q38Xaa6A8SwOR70FB-vfkvdfhyC_0OAUPqxsR98KYCcM57wQX8FgIzOOTdd-G3922Fa7J8L8w2Z51bmIwqvwJ1ZQTvJk8YSKBgdYibwKgJr7MGelr9Dg2DPy8/s200/vzdscxzc.jpg" width="118" /></span></a></div>
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</b>Angle seat valves are 2-position valves with a built in pneumatic actuator. The actuator can be spring return or double acting. The obstructer is a plug that enters the valve at an angle to sit in an angled seat molded into the valve's flow path. The plug gets retracted almost completely out of the flow path when open. This factor makes angle seat valves the highest flow fast-acting valves with the lowest pressure drop. In many on/off applications, angle seat valves are a perfect substitute for a ball valve. They are faster acting, less costly, and longer lasting.</span></div>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-44631213864523604072019-04-08T22:28:00.002-07:002022-09-09T03:41:28.712-07:0060+ Frequently Asking Piping Engineering Interview Question<div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONJWJYJpAh8GL7wUT1kTKjeOYEj0-I95Ws6gOi6ADd_7fGYFkubCdcOSOzKbrgMHwzUtSXwrC1hLlSNNdNRXa0N0zMkxdQr82NuYPyD5GOg79h1k4jN_ahNO8Zu1LXgehLvT9psiDZF0/s1600/60%252B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1508" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONJWJYJpAh8GL7wUT1kTKjeOYEj0-I95Ws6gOi6ADd_7fGYFkubCdcOSOzKbrgMHwzUtSXwrC1hLlSNNdNRXa0N0zMkxdQr82NuYPyD5GOg79h1k4jN_ahNO8Zu1LXgehLvT9psiDZF0/s1600/60%252B.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 1 :-What Are The Major Parameters You Must Address While Making A Spring Data sheet?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer : </span></b>Major parameters are: Spring TAG, Cold load/Installed load, Vertical and horizontal movement, Piping design temperature, Piping Material, Insulation thickness, Hydro-test load, Line number etc.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 2 :-How To Calculate The Height Of A Variable Spring Hanger?</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;">Answer : </span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Select the height from vendor catalog based on spring size and stiffness class.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For base mounted variable spring hanger the height is mentioned directly. It is the spring height.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For top mounted variable spring hanger’s ass spring height with turnbuckle length, clamp/lug length and rod length.</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 3 :-Can You Select A Proper Spring Hanger If You Do Not Make It Program Defined In Your Software? What Is The Procedure?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span> </b>In your system first decide the location where you want to install the spring. Then remove all nearby supports which are not taking load in thermal operating case. Now run the program and the sustained load on that support node is your hot load. The thermal movement in that location is your thermal movement for your spring. Now assume variability for your spring. So calculate<br /><br />Spring constant = (Hot load × variability)/displacement. Now with spring constant and hot load enter any vendor catalog to select spring inside the travel range.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Question 4 :-What Do You Mean By Variability? What Is The Industry Approved Limit For Variability?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Variability= (Hot Load-Cold load)/Hot load = (Spring Constant × displacement)/Hot load.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Limit for variability for variable spring hangers is 25%.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 5 :- What Is The Main Difference Between Constant And Variable Spring Hanger? When To Use These Hangers?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">In Constant Spring hanger the load remains constant throughout its travel range. But In variable spring hanger the load varies with displacement.</span><br />Spring hangers are used when thermal displacements are upwards and piping system is lifted off from the support position. Variable spring hanger is preferable as this is less costly.<br /><b><span style="color: #990000;">Constant springs are used:</span></b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">When thermal displacement exceeds 50 mm</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">When variability exceeds 25%</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Sometimes when piping is connected to strain sensitive equipment like steam turbines, centrifugal compressors etc and it becomes very difficult to qualify nozzle loads by variable spring hangers, constant spring hangers can be used.</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 6 :-What Is Preferred Location For Drain?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;"><b>Answer :</b> </span>Must be located at the bottom section of drum.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 7 :-What Are The Steps In Selection Of Valve?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> What to handle, liquid, gas or powder, fluid nature, function, construction material, disc type, stem type, how to operate, bonnet type, body ends, delivery time, cost, warranty.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 8 :-What Are Functions Of Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;"><b>Answer :</b> </span>Isolation, regulation, non-return and special purposes.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 9 :-What Materials Are Used For Construction Of Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Cast iron, bronze, gun metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy carbon steel, polypropylene and other plastics, special alloys.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 10 :-What Are Isolating Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Gate, ball, plug, piston, diaphragm, butterfly, pinch.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 11 :-What Are Special Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Multi-port, flush bottom, float, foot, pressure relief, breather.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 12 :-What Are Regulating Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Globe, needle, butterfly, diaphragm, piston, punch.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 13 :-What Are Non-return Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Check valve.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 14 :-What Are Wetted Parts Of Valve?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> All parts that come in contact with surface fluid are called wetted parts.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 15 :-What Is Straight Through Valve?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Valve in which the closing operation of valve is achieved by 90 degrees turn of the closing element.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 16 :- What Are Available Valve Operators?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Hand-lever, hand-wheel, chain operator, gear operator etc.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 17 :-What Pressure Tests Are Carried Out On Valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Shell-hydrostatic, seat-hydrostatic, seat-pneumatic.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 18 :-What Is Trim?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Trim is composed of stem, seat surfaces, back seat bushing and other small internal parts that normally contact the surface fluid.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 19 :-What Is Wire Drawing?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> This term is used to indicate the premature erosion of the valve seat caused by excessive velocity between seat and seat disc, when valve is not closed tightly.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 20 :-What are two types of ball valve?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Full port design and regular port design, according to type of seat, soft seat and metal seat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 21 :-What are ball valve body types?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Single piece, double piece, three piece, the short pattern, long pattern, sandwitch and flush bottom design.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 22 :-Why ball valves are normally flanged?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Because of soft seat PTFE which can damage during welding.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 23 :-What are butterfly valve types?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Double flange type, wafer lug type and wafer type.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 24 :-What are types of check valve?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Lift check valves and swing check valves.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 25 :-What are non-slam check valves?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Swing check valve, conventional check valve, wafer check valve, tilting disc check valve, piston check valve, stop check valve, ball check valve.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 26 :- What Is The Full Form Of Asme?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> American Society for Mechanical Engineers.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 27 :- What Is The Full Form Of NPSH?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> NPSH: Net Positive Suction Head.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 28 :- Which Piping Code Is Used For Power Piping And Which Code Is Used For Process Piping Design?</span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Power Piping: ASME B 31.1</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Process Piping: ASME B 31.3</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 29 :- What Are The Main Differences Between Asme B 31.1 And Asme B 31.3?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> The main differences are listed below:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Material allowable stresses are different in both codes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Stress increases due to occasional loads are different in each code.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">B 31.3 neglects torsion while calculating sustained stresses, but B 31.1 includes it.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Sustained stress calculation is specific in B 31.1 but undefined for B 31.3.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">B 31.1 intensifies torsion but B31.3 does not intensify it.</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 30 :- How To Calculate The Basic Allowable Stress For A Material?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> <b>The basic allowable stress is defined in respective code. For example as per B 31.3 the basic allowable stress for a material is the minimum of the following:</b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">1/3rd of tensile strength at design temperature.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">2/3rd of yield strength at design temperature.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">100% of average stress for a creep rate of 0.01% per 1000 hours.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">67% of average stress for rupture at the end of 100000 hours.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">80% of minimum stress for ruptures at the end of 100000 hours.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For austenitic stainless steel or nickel alloys the lower of yield strength and 90% of yield strength at temperature.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For structural grade materials 0.92 times of the lowest value of point (a) to (f).</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 31 :- What Is The Software Available For Performing Piping Stress Analysis?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Caesar II, Auto Pipe etc.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 32 :- What are the types of compressors?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Positive Displacement, Centrifugal and Axial, rotary screw, rotary vane, rotary lobe, dynamic, liquid ring compressors.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 33 :- How Centrifugal compressors work ?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Highspeed impellers increase the kinetic energy of the gas, converting this energy into higher pressures in a divergent outlet passage called a diffuser. Large volume of gas at moderate pressure.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 34 :- Where gas turbine drive is used ?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Desserts and offshore platforms where gas is available, for gas transmission, gas lift, liquid pumping, gas re-injection and process compressors.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 35 :- What are types of compressor drives?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Electric motor, gas turbine, steam turbine and gas engine.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 36 :- What are types of steam turbine and why are they popular?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Condensing and non-condensing, Popular because can convert large amounts of heat energy into mechanical work very efficiently.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 37 :- What factors to be considered while designing compressor housing?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Operation, Maintenance, Climate conditions, Safety, Economics.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 38 :- What are compressor suction line requirements ?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Minimum 3D straight pipe between elbow and inlet nozzle, increases based on inlet piping layout. 4D</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 39 :- What are the types of seal oil system?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Gravity and pressurized.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 40 :- What are the compressor housing design points?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Floor elevation, building width, building elevation, hook centerline elevation.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 41 :- What is velocity head?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> The head loss caused by the consumed power to accelerate stationary fluid to suction line velocity during pump startup. It’s about 1 ft.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 42 :- How is suction line supported?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Commonly supported under the elbow adjacent to the pump nozzle.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 43 :- Normally where do we use: i) Eccentric reducer, ii) Concentric reducer?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">i) Eccentric reducer: Pump suction to avoid cavitation, to maintain (BOP) in rack</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">ii) Concentric reducer: Pump discharge, vertical pipeline etc.,</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 44 :- What are suction line requirements?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> To flat reducer, strainer, block valve, no pockets, as short as possible with consideration to stress, min straight length of 3D.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 45 :- What is special requirement for discharge line of positive displacement pump?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Relief valve whose discharge is connected in suction line between the isolating valve and the pump.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 46 :- Concentric reducer is used in pump suction. YES/NO? Explain.?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> NO. Air pocket may form if concentric reducer is used at pump suction, which results in cavitation and causes damage to pump. To avoid this eccentric with Flat Side Up (FSU) is used in pump suction.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 47 :- How should the suction line reducer be placed ?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> It should be placed top flat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 48 :- What is Cavitation?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Cavitation is a rapid collapse of vapour pressure that can produce noise, result in loss of head and capacity and create a severe erosion of the impeller and casing surface in the adjacent inlet areas.The vapour pressure occurs right at the impeller inlet where a share pressure drop occurs.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 49 :- While welding of pipe trunion to pipe/reinforcement pad you have to put a hole or leave some portion of welding. why?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> For venting of hot gas which may get generate due to welding.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 50 :- What is the Full Form of SMAW & TIG ?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">SMAW: Shielded Metal Arc Welding</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">TIG: Tungsten Inter Gas welding.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 51 :- Where are positive displacement pumps used?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Used to move viscous liquids, injects chemicals or additives into a system, or pump quantities too small for centrifugal pumps.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 52 :- What is accepted distance between pumps?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> 1200 MM / 4 feet.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 53 :- How can flanges be classified based on facing?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Flat face</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Raised face</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Tongue and Groove</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Ring type joint.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 54 :- What are different types of Gaskets?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Full face, spiral wound, Octagonal ring type, Metal jacket and inside bolt circle.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 55 :- Where Double pipe or Fin Tube Exchangers used?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Used when the liquid has a greater resistance to heat flow than another or when the surface area is small.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 56 :- Why do we provide Drip leg in steam line?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> To remove condensate when there is a rise in the pipe along the flow direction. If we do not provide the drip leg in streamline, the condensate forms inside the pipe will result in water hammer effect causing damage to the piping system.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 57 :- What is mean by ‘PWHT’? Why is it needed?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> ‘Post Weld Heat Treatment’ This is done to remove residual stress left in the joint which may cause a brittle fracture.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 58 :- What should be clearance between flanges of exchangers?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> 1000 MM.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 59 :- What are the types of tube arrangments?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> U-tube, Fixed tube, kettle arrangement.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 60 :- What are drum internals?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Demister pads, Baffles, Vortex breakers, Distribution piping.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 61 :- What is preferred location for level instrument nozzles?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Away from the turbulence at the liquid outlet nozzle, although the vessel is provided with a vortex breaker, instrument should be set in the quiet zone of the vessel for example on the opposite side of the weir or baffle or near the vapor outlet end.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 62 :- What is preferred location for process nozzles on drum?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Minimum from the tangent line.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 63 :- What are drum supports?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Skirt for large drums, legs, lugs, saddles for horizontal drums.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 64 :- What is preferred location for steam out nozzle on drum?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> At the end opposite to the maintenance access.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 65 :- What are necessary nozzles for non-pressure vessel?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Inlet, outlet, vent, manhole, drain, overflow, agitator, temperature element, level instrument, and steamout connection.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Question 66 :- What are necessary nozzles for pressure vessel?</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Answer :</span></b> Inlet, outlet, manhole, drain, pressure relief, agitator, level guage, pressure gauge, temperature element, vent and for steamout.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-62550551769665878842019-03-28T23:17:00.002-07:002022-09-09T03:41:36.205-07:00How Capacity of Absorption Chillers Can Be Controlled ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNaticCGNJYoNGAeLNxhyT8c0FWEGZyXtzCuszhvLifA1silVDoe1SPYvYpBxKNJeFuODySAEPZ9FRaHYiMXeEnqIOLZzUVNmR3sxKMet5LT5Dmnf6Oy6XZcighVlHsl_SlWH8TKNxx58/s1600/1200px-Chiller.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNaticCGNJYoNGAeLNxhyT8c0FWEGZyXtzCuszhvLifA1silVDoe1SPYvYpBxKNJeFuODySAEPZ9FRaHYiMXeEnqIOLZzUVNmR3sxKMet5LT5Dmnf6Oy6XZcighVlHsl_SlWH8TKNxx58/s640/1200px-Chiller.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Capacity of absorption chillers needs to be adjusted with respect to load on HVAC water chillers.Capacity control of HVAC chillers is very logical and required to save the input energy at low or part-load on chillers.<br /><br />Chillers providing absorption cooling use different types of input energy.Absorption chillers are generally controlled from input energy being provided to generator(single effect absorption chillers) or high pressure generator (double effect absorption chillers). <br /><br /><br /><b>How capacity of absorption Chillers is controlled ?</b><br />Capacity of absorption chillers is controlled by varying the input thermal energy to generator.While input thermal energy to absorption chillers is regulated with reference to load on chillers .Suppose load on absorption chillers changes then the outlet temperature of chilled water will also be changed little and this is generally sensed by chiller instrumentation.Chiller controller now regulates the valve of thermal energy with respect to the change in thermal load.<br />
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<br /><br /><b>Capacity Modulation of Absorption Chiller as load decreases :-</b><br />As load decreases chilled water temperature decreases .When chilled water temperature decreases below predetermined set point,gas valve (in case of direct fired chillers) will start closing accordingly . As burner fire rate or steam flow rate is modulated chilled water temperature will be changed accordingly.This decrease in load would cause closing of steam inlet valve in case of steam operated absorption chiller (indirect fired chillers).<br />This closing of valve will reduce the heat input to generator of absorption chillers and temperature in generator will be reduced. By this technique of capacity modulation,heat input to chiller is lowered in generator so accordingly less vapors of refrigerant (water in lithium bromide chillers) will be produced .These vapor get condensed in condenser of chiller and finally reach the evaporator of chiller at lower pressure.Now because less vapors reach evaporator so less heat will be extracted from chilled water and refrigeration effect will be reduced and chilled water temperature will increase accordingly.<br /><br /><b>Mass flow rate of refrigerant is directly proportional to load and refrigeration effect :-</b><br />Generally between 30 and 100 percent of the hvac system design refrigeration load, the burner fired rate is modulated. Below 30 percent of design hvac load, the burner is cycled on and off, and all refrigerant and solution pumps remain.</span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />On the other hand ,concentration of solution reaching the absorber from generator will drop accordingly.In other words as less thermal energy is supplied to generator of chillers, solution reaching the absorber will be less strong as it would still contain some refrigerant. This little less strong solution will have less capacity to absorb refrigerant vapors as compared to strong solution.So accordingly more vapors will remain in evaporator and would increase the evaporating temperature and pressure in evaporator of absorption chiller. Finally a new balance will be established between gas inlet valve and load to achieve the preset temperature at outlet of evaporator.<br /><br /><b>Capacity Modulation of Absorption Chiller as load Increases :-</b><br />Similarly if load on <a href="http://hvac-system-basics.blogspot.com/2012/06/what-is-hvac.html">hvac</a> absorption chiller increases then chilled water temperature will also be increased accordingly.Chiller need to be adjusted in accordance with this new load value.Gas valve or steam inlet valve will be opened more to adjust the refrigeration effect and load on chiller.Rest of effect will be inverse of load decrease.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-137650038033771719.post-69453298394758609372019-03-26T00:05:00.002-07:002022-09-09T03:41:42.930-07:005 Heat Transfer Loops in HVAC System<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_qoa2dvJeHnZ1lDfvsRbgTbB8cI84UbbojJtu_a5h9tCKdWdY_XtxZrBaBL7LYee1wKuo04KcmD9vrd7tXWhFSpXmGRXek62bJ-tgO3L4mhkfKNtw9kEMCWTln2jQEYkHB6m0EaJKNs/s1600/fa384a76ff0d32f35118d9811d3b224b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="1070" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_qoa2dvJeHnZ1lDfvsRbgTbB8cI84UbbojJtu_a5h9tCKdWdY_XtxZrBaBL7LYee1wKuo04KcmD9vrd7tXWhFSpXmGRXek62bJ-tgO3L4mhkfKNtw9kEMCWTln2jQEYkHB6m0EaJKNs/s640/fa384a76ff0d32f35118d9811d3b224b.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Several heat transfer loops work in an HVAC system .In these heat transfer loops heat energy is exchanged to achieve the ultimate purpose of heating and cooling of air in HVAC system. <div>
<br />These heat transfer loops are basic organs of any HVAC system. Problem in any of these loops affects the HVAC system .In these heat transfer loops thermal or heat energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and rejected into surroundings or air through five loops of heat transfer.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpYDXHaXQNl0f8Yw2t8rhMXBKBMbpqMG95gB2UpxgjfCJ-5h4-FfKL3KgdG5bbDNfxI5hNg2EqxtviCZjW8LceGg_j0jq6muiZv5IRhpJLcerV_ZaOWzb2KIVMIGX2cDp4xEYOBucsAT0/s1600/heat+transfer+loops+in+hvac+system.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="628" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpYDXHaXQNl0f8Yw2t8rhMXBKBMbpqMG95gB2UpxgjfCJ-5h4-FfKL3KgdG5bbDNfxI5hNg2EqxtviCZjW8LceGg_j0jq6muiZv5IRhpJLcerV_ZaOWzb2KIVMIGX2cDp4xEYOBucsAT0/s640/heat+transfer+loops+in+hvac+system.png" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><b>1. Indoor air loop in HVAC system :-</b><br />In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through a cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space or different HVAC zones.<br /><br /><b>2. Chilled water loop in HVAC system :-</b><br />Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chiller’s evaporator to be re-cooled.<br /><br /><b>3. Refrigerant loop in HVAC system :-</b><br />Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chiller’s compressor pumps heat from the chilled waterto the condenser water.<br /><br /><b>4. Condenser water loop in HVAC system :-</b><br />Cooling water absorbs heat from the chiller’s condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower.<br /><br /><b>5. Cooling tower loop in HVAC system :-</b><br />The cooling tower’s fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the air.Thus cooling tower rejects heat to atmosphere in this way.</div>
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